classical conditioning :: essays research papers

Applications Paper: The paper presented is aimed at demonstrating the primary principals behind classical conditioning. By using a real life example the textbook theory can be applied to a hypothetical patient suffering from a sleep disorder possibly somewhat brought on by a ‘learnt’ experience. My female friend expresses the symptoms of alertness and insomnia commonly prior to one specific action; brushing her teeth. The scenario given dictates that the only other time my friend brushes her teeth is prior to leaving for work in the morning and furthermore the text also highlights that her working life has relatively recently become more stressful. Atkinson (1980) brings in to play the fact that stress is quite likely to be the cause of the insomnia and alertness. By focusing specifically on Bond and McConkey’s (2001) theory: â€Å"†¦Classical conditioning can be defined as the pairing of some fixed temporal relationship of a neutral stimulus and a stimulus capable of regularly and reliably eliciting a response†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we can potentially see that the night time stressfulness could be as a result of her becoming classically conditioned. To understand exactly how my friend has learned to display characteristics of stress in the evenings, prior to sleep, we must familiarize ourselves with the basic principals of classical conditioning. There are four definitions, which must first be made clear; Wayne Written (2001) explains: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without prior conditioning. In this scenario specifically the UCS would be my friend leaving for work in the mornings. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Unconditioned Response (UCR) – Is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. In this case the response is quite obviously the stressful feeling my friend endures. Adopting Wayne Written’s (2001) description of our like – like scenario, so far Fig 1.1 below shows the relationship we have created. Without any learning-taking place the UCS of going to work has been associated with a conditioned response of feeling stressed. Fig 1.1 Wayne Written (2001) continues: 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Controlled Stimulus (CS) – Is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning acquired the capability a conditioned response. Again relating the CS to this example, we would be assuming that the brushing of her teeth would have been previously a neutral stimulus and hence forming the controlled stimulus for this argument. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Controlled Response (CR) – Is a leant reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of prior conditioning. classical conditioning :: essays research papers Applications Paper: The paper presented is aimed at demonstrating the primary principals behind classical conditioning. By using a real life example the textbook theory can be applied to a hypothetical patient suffering from a sleep disorder possibly somewhat brought on by a ‘learnt’ experience. My female friend expresses the symptoms of alertness and insomnia commonly prior to one specific action; brushing her teeth. The scenario given dictates that the only other time my friend brushes her teeth is prior to leaving for work in the morning and furthermore the text also highlights that her working life has relatively recently become more stressful. Atkinson (1980) brings in to play the fact that stress is quite likely to be the cause of the insomnia and alertness. By focusing specifically on Bond and McConkey’s (2001) theory: â€Å"†¦Classical conditioning can be defined as the pairing of some fixed temporal relationship of a neutral stimulus and a stimulus capable of regularly and reliably eliciting a response†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we can potentially see that the night time stressfulness could be as a result of her becoming classically conditioned. To understand exactly how my friend has learned to display characteristics of stress in the evenings, prior to sleep, we must familiarize ourselves with the basic principals of classical conditioning. There are four definitions, which must first be made clear; Wayne Written (2001) explains: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without prior conditioning. In this scenario specifically the UCS would be my friend leaving for work in the mornings. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Unconditioned Response (UCR) – Is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. In this case the response is quite obviously the stressful feeling my friend endures. Adopting Wayne Written’s (2001) description of our like – like scenario, so far Fig 1.1 below shows the relationship we have created. Without any learning-taking place the UCS of going to work has been associated with a conditioned response of feeling stressed. Fig 1.1 Wayne Written (2001) continues: 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Controlled Stimulus (CS) – Is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning acquired the capability a conditioned response. Again relating the CS to this example, we would be assuming that the brushing of her teeth would have been previously a neutral stimulus and hence forming the controlled stimulus for this argument. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Controlled Response (CR) – Is a leant reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of prior conditioning.

History Test Questions Essay

Manzanar in CA – loss of $ & property – 100th Battalion – â€Å"Purple Heart† Battalion – 442nd Regimental Combat Team – fought in Italy, France, Germany – Most decorated combat unit in US history for proportion of length of service – â€Å"Buddha Heads† – Most Japanese-Americans served as soldiers in Europe while interpreters and such went to the Pacific – obvious racism/discrimination Minority group most adversely affected by Washington DC’s wartime policies was – Japanese-Americans Internment – costs – effects – camps – prejudice – military service – Nisei born in USA, so citizens The general attitude toward WWII was – less idealistic & ideological & more practical than the outlook in WWI (This is according to the textbook – What would Zinn say in Ch 16? ) In the period of 1885 to 1924, the Japanese immigrants who came to the USA were à ¢â‚¬â€œ a select group (representing Japan abroad, so Japan cared who was sent) who was/were better prepared & educated than most European immigrants (so they were middle class & usually had $) Ex. Japan felt represented – wanted to avoid Chinese bachelors of 19th century – so â€Å"picture brides† When the USA entered WWII in December (7th attack at Pearl, war declared on 8th), 1941, – a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about – * WWI had campaigned (but many people didn’t know in WWI either – Ex. Sergeant York & Gallipoli) During WWII, the US gov’t commissioned the production of synthetic rubber in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in E. Asia (ex. French Indochina/Vietnam, Cambodia, & Loas) Wartime agencies & functions: War Production Board – assign priorities w/respect to use of raw materials & transportation facilities Office of Price Administration – controlled inflation by rationing essential goods War Labor Board – imposed ceilings (maximums) on wage increases Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) – saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against Af-Am’s seeking employment in war industries * A Philip Randolph – 1941 threatened to march on Wash DC to demand equality in hiring – FDR feared march so made a deal to announce Executive Order #8802 for Af-Am’s fair employment in wartime industries Randoplh was leader of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union (mostly Af-Am’s but some whites too – began in 1920s) While most US workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the – United Mine Workers (Why? Exploitation w/unequal distribution of wartime profits. ) * Coal mining is almost as risky as war – in fact they die more than any other industrial workers, both back then and today – only crab ishing is truly more hazardous b y proportion – although they are much safer today During WWII – labor unions substantially increased their membership †¢ There were some strikes – Ex. United Mine Workers – unfair distribution of wartime profits * Bracero Program – p. 833 Mexicans work in agriculture & some industries (later deported in the offensive â€Å"Operation Wetback†) [Ironic after 1930’s treatment in CA for example – Okies for Mexicans, etc†¦ Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act – June 1943 – federal gov’t could seize industries if strikes occurred Ex. Coal mines and RRs briefly] p. 832 Employment of more than 6 million women in America (~3 million had never worked for wages before) industry during WWII led to – the establishment of day-care centers by gov’t (*†Rosie† vs. â€Å"Wendy†) [Usually single women or w/husband in the war were the ones working in defense plants/war industries] * Not equal pay for equal work in almost all cases – although some women earned as good or better money if they were outstanding – some were indeed Ex. P. 33 – WOW poster * My recruiting posters & WWII aircraft pictures * Not greater % of women working in USA than in Europe – Ex. Britain & USSR – in war industries * Increase in employment in war industries for Af-Am’s (both men & women) * Migrations from South as Af-Am’s leave while to the South came war industries and military bases – Why? Cheap wages & very few unions * Not a strong desire for most women to wor k for wages (especially in defense industries, etc†¦) *** p. 833 – WAACs, WAVES, SPARS, (WASPs) â€Å"GI† – â€Å"Government Issue† * USCG & Merchant Marine Main reason majority of women workers left labor force at end of WWII was – family obligation Af-Am’s did all of following during WWII: rally behind slogan of â€Å"Double V† (victory over Axis & racism at home), move north & west in large migrations (seeking work – often in war industries) (move to cities – â€Å"urban† begins to mean â€Å"black†) (ghettos created – not like Jewish ghettos in Poland, etc†¦) (de facto vs. de jure/Jim Crow segregation & discrimination – Ex. Race riots in Detroit in 1943 – later race riots in north in 1960s too), form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE – 1942 & increase in NAACP membership), serve (in US military) in (US) Army Air Corps (Tuskegee Airmen – 332nd/99th w/impeccable record – no bombers lost on their escorts – Benjamin O. Davis sr. & Benjamin O. Davis jr. – West Point grads – endured silent treatment from whites – Davis sr. is first Af-Am general in US history – Davis jr. was in command of 99th squadron – see picture on . 835), What about fighting in integrated combat units? Not until Korea (w/exception of a few experiments) Which is least related to the other three? A Philip Randolph (Bro of Sleep Car Porters – threat to march on Wash DC in 1941 – led to Executive Order #8802 – in 1963, helped organize march to Wash DC for MLK jr’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC – to protect Af-Am’s to be hired and treated fairly in war industries), racial discrimination in wartime industry (still even w/FEPC there was discrimination – but better than w/out it), proposed â€Å"negro March on Washington,† What about the Smith-Connally (Anti- Strike) Act (1943)? On pp. 834-836 Migration Map on p. 834 * Cotton production in South – hurt Af-Am laborers, tenant, and sharecropping farmers (whites too who did this – many) w/ introduction of mechanization – so migration p. 836 * Native Americans – ~25,000 serve – Ex. Comanche in Europe & Navajo in Pacific – â€Å"code talkers† p. 836 *** LA, CA summer 1943 – â€Å"Zoot Suit Riots† – Pachucos vs. Servicemen – violence – retaliation – gangs – blame – reactions – tensions – â€Å"Victory Suits† – race riots p. 836-837 ** Race riot in Detroit, MI in 1943 – fatalities pp. 36-837 Big gov’t intervention received its greatest boost from – WWII (not the New Deal) During WWII, most Am’s economically experienced – prosperity & a doubling of personal income p. 837 National Gross National Product (all goods and services produced in USA) in 1940 was $100 billion – GNP grew to $200 billion in 1945 – corporate profits rose from ~$6 billion in 1940 to ~$12 billion by 1944 – Henry Stimson (Sec of War) â€Å"if you are going to try to go to war in a capitalist country, you have to let business make money out of the process, or business won’t work. p. 837 – * disposable income after war-time taxes more than doubled (but there was inflation too) – * post-war consumerism w/surplus income to purchase in post-war US economy – Ex increase 33% in post war prices b/c of high wages & consumer demand * Office of Scientific Research and Development p. 37 – developed weapons, including Atomic (nuclear) bombs – *** â€Å"warfare-welfare state† b/t 1941-1945 – * rationing – total war effort – bond drives – kids had Al drives for example, etc†¦ – Ex of poster: â€Å"When you ride ALONE, you ride with Hitler! † – Black Ma rket – Chart for Rise in National Debt – rise b/c of WWII and after war it spiked higher than during war – p. 837 On p. 38 Cost of war in $ was for USA $330 billion – 10 times more than WWI – more $ than all federal spending since 1776 – income tax – 4 times as many people than before war – some people taxed as high as 90% of income – taxes provided for 2/5ths of war cost – rest is borrowed from US public – Liberty Loans – Bond Drives – others loaned $ too like individuals who were rich tycoons & moguls and/or through corporations & banks – 1941 National Debt was $49 billion – grew to $259 billion in 1945 – war cost ~$10 million per hour at peak of war – plus blood, sweat, & tears – tremendous loss of life – Ex. USSR lost more than any other country Northward migration of Af-Am’s accelerated after WWII b/c – mechanical cotton pickers (machines) were in use p. 836 During WWII, American Indians – moved off of reservations in large numbers (~25,000 served in military) p. 836 By the end of WWII, the heart of USA’s Af-Am communities had shifted to – northern cities pp. 834-835 * p. 836 â€Å"The speed and scale of these changes jolted the migrants and sometimes the communities that received them. * Racism, de facto segregation vs. de jure (Jim Crow) segregation [Migartion Map on p. 834] National debt increased most during – World War II (and post-WWII to present) p. 838 Most $ raised to finance WWII came through – borrowing (individuals, corporations – bonds for middle class & working class people) (*Liberty/Victory Loans – bond sales – hugely promoted) p. 38 First naval battle in history in which all of the fighting was done by (aircraft) carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of – the Coral Sea (May 1942 near NE Australia – Tie to stop Japanese threat/invasion of the â€Å"Land Down Under† – USA lost one carrier – USS Lexington – USS Yorktown carrier badly damaged but back in action at Midway where she was finally sunk by a Japanese submarine after extensive damage from aircraft that left her a burning wreck) * Midway – 2nd such battle b/t carrier fleets so far apart they never see each other – June 3rd-6th, 1942 – the turning point of the Pacific war p. 839] The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of – Midway (June 3rd-6th, 1942) * Details – our 3 carriers to their 4 – we sank all four and lost only one – planes – luck – plans – codes – drama – Spruance, Nimitz, etc†¦ – plus Aleutian Islands (of Alaska) attacked just before Midway was diversion, which was fairly effective – cold, brutal fighting over frozen, barren islands, but were US territory like Hawaii pp. 39-841 Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when they – over – extended themselves instead of digging in & consolidating their gains p. 839 – Japanese victories in Pacific up through first 6 months extended down to Dutch East Indies (for oil), Southeast Asia (for rubber), including Burma and Thailand into parts of China, the Philippines, the Marianas such as Guam, the Gilbets, the Marshalls, the Solomons, the Aleutians, Korea and Manchuria, Okinawa, Iwo Jima, etc†¦- They held it for about 6 months after Pearl Harbor before Allied advances began. In waging war against Japan, the USA relied mainly on a strategy of – (leapfrogging and) island-hopping across the South (and Central) Pacific while by-passing Japanese strongholds (whenever possible – but not always – Ex. Philippines & Pelelieu & Aleutians) [MacArthur/US Army & Halsey in South – USMC & Nimitz/Spruance in Central Pacific] All strategies considered & implemented in some fashion – heavy bombing from Chinese air bases, invading SE Asia & Burma, fortifying China transporting supplies from India over â€Å"the Hump† of the Himalayas, & turning Japanese flanks in New Guinea (MacArthur) & Alaska (Aleutians) * All were done – but priority was put on USN, US Army, USMC, USAAC (USAF), & USCG in two prong drive across south & central Pacific with Adm. Nimitz calling the shots Conquest of Guam (Marianas – Tinian & Saipan too) in 1944 was especially critical, b/c from there (the Marianas) the USA could conduct round-trip bombing raids (B-29s) on Japanese home islands – But a nasty volcanic sulfur-smelling small island with large 500 foot hill on its southwestern corner on it called Iwo Jima was in the way – could notify Japan that bombers were coming – plus many damaged bombers needed the vital air strip on the island for emergency landings – so in Feb of 1945, USMC began its biggest, most-distinguished battle lasting 36 days in Hell before the island was completely secure – giving us two flag raisings on Mt. Suribachi – the 2nd becoming perhaps the most famous photograph in the entire world – â€Å"Semper Fi, Do or Die, Gung Ho! † Allies won Battle of Atlantic by – escorting convoys of merchants’ (and military) vessels (not using convoy system initially) [ Ex. Carrier & other Task Forces], dropping depth charges from destroyers, bombing submarine (U-boat) bases (Ex. located in France), deploying new technology of RADAR At war’s end, U-boat crews are in a very deadly branch of voluntarily service & still got volunteers up until the end – 4 out of 5 U-boaters die by late 1944 – Adm Downitz asked for more before war – didn’t get them, used convoy system w/ destroyer escorts – depth charges – RADAR (B-24s & B-25s, other planes as sub hunters) – SONAR – Enigma code machine & codes (read Japanese codes in Pacific too) – US subs sink lots of ships (especially in Pacific), But what about organizing â€Å"wolf packs† (which are German U-boats) to chase down German U-boats (submarines)? *** Battle of the Atlantic – Most important battle in Western Europe! Until Spring 1943, perhaps Hitler’s greatest opportunities of defeating Britain & winning the war was – the German U-boat would destroy Allied shipping (which it was faster than ships could be built early in war) Hitler’s advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which, his fortunes gradually declined {* Leningrad, Kursk, Red Army, Counter-Offensives} pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 b/c – of British reluctance (b/c of the majority of troops would be supplied by them that early in the war) & lack of adequate resources {* We’d have gotten our butts handed to us by the Germans – as indeed we did really until 1943 – we needed to learn how to fight – Stalin was angry we left his country to suffer while we lagged in opening a second front n France to relieve the USSR – cannot blame him entirely FDR’s promi se to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by end of 1942 – was utterly impossible to keep (just not ready for the undertaking really) * So USSR got pounded through most of 1942 before it went on the offensive in 1943 and until the end of the war really – meanwhile, the Allies invaded North Africa, then Sicily, then up the boot of Italy – before two major invasions of France in June & Aug of 1944 Allied demand for unconditional surrender was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such a surrender would – encourage the enemy to resist as long as possible (but USA also did this to show a ommitment to USSR as an Ally against Germany to avoid a separate peace as in WWI) FDR’s & Churchill’s insistence on the absolute and â€Å"unconditional surrender† of Germany – eventually complicated the problems of postwar reconstruction Chronology: Casablanca, Morocco – Jan 1943 FDR & Churchill meet – Pac ific strategy, Sicily, Italy, unconditional surrender p. 842, (Cairo, Egypt before Teheran – w/FDR & Churchill discuss Chiang & Mao vs. Japanese in China), then Teheran, Iran (Persia at the time) – Nov 28th – Dec 1st, 1943 – plans for W & E attacks on Germany p. 844 – FDR, Churchill, Stalin, Potsdam, Germany – July 1945 – Truman, Churchill, Stalin – Potsdam Declaration & how to end war & post-war plans p. 851 Chronology: Invasion of (Sicily and) Italy (1943), D-Day/Normandy invasion (June 6th, 1944), VE Day 5/8/45 [my mother turned 6 years old (my father turned 6 years old 10 days later) – she had two brothers in this war (others in Korea & Vietnam) – one would come home from Europe w/2 Purple Hearts – served under Patton in N Africa & was at the Bulge – his eye was hanging out of his head attached by the optic nerve – they saved his eye – but the war messed the young man up for the res t of his life mentally carrying the burdens of death – her other brother was in Pacific – he would not come home until Japan was beaten] – VJ Day 8/15/45 – Japan’s surrender was 8/14/45 – official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay was 9/2/45 – WWII was finally over after many deaths – military & ivilian (WWII began in 1931-37 in Asia, Sept 1939 in Europe, Dec 1941 for USA in Pacific) Major consequence of Allied conquest of Sicily in Aug 1943 was – overthrow of Mussolini (first of two times) and (eventually) Italy’s surrender o Italians surrender quicker than the French – At least they claim to be â€Å"lovers not fighters† – but the Romans seriously put a foot in and/or up one’s booty in battle as a vicious warrior empire known for organization in fighting After Italian surrender in Aug 1943, – Germans poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance (real ly until the end of the war in Northern Italy – also harsh to Italians for switching sides) Real impact of the Italian front on WWII may have been that it – delayed the D-Day invasion & allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into E Europe (â€Å"iron curtain†) Brutal fighting in Italy Ex pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Audie Murphy was in Italy, France, & Germany 442nd Nisei were in Italy, France, & Germany US First Army – The Big Red One Tuskegee airmen (99th squadron of 332nd fighter group) Italians switched sides – Germans reinforced – bloody battles b/c of terrain – Ex. Anzio * I disagree w/this – Italy was a vital & valuable front – perhaps managed poorly, but necessary At the wartime conference in Teheran, Iran (Persia) (11-28 thru 12-1-43) (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) – plans were made for opening a 2nd front in Europe p. 844 – was Sicily & Italy before France – Stalin still not happy Cross Channel (English Channel) invasion of Normandy (in NW France) to open a 2nd front in Europe was commanded by Gen Dwight David Eisenhower (future president) [Ike] {West Point, Aide of MacArthur, Bonus Army, North Africa, Great political general – needed for this command to deal w/ the prima- onnas US Gen Patton and British Gen Montgomery (Monty) plus other issues – he was the right man for the job – although many disagreed about that at the time} ***** Normandy/D-Day June 6th, 1944 (operation Overlord) & Bre akout 5 beaches Monty, Bradley, Patton diversion pointed at Calais, French Underground, Airborne/Gliders/Paratroopers, Rangers, Amphibious, Air Superiority, Mulberry Harbors, Strategy, Hedgerows, Engineers, Etc†¦ (Saving Private Ryan, The Longest Day) In a sense, FDR was the â€Å"forgotten man† at the Democratic Convention of 1944 b/c – so much attention was focused on who would be VP (Truman – Sen from MO political machine – failed in business – US Army rtillery Major in WWI ) (VP & former Sec of Ag Henry Wallace pushed out) (FDR in poor health) ** FDR complained of a headache and then shortly thereafter died from cerebral hemorrhage sitting for a portrait in Warm Springs, GA (where his health spa for his rehab for polio was) on April 12th, 1945 – funeral train – some people had really only known FDR as president, now Truman was the great unknown trying to replace FDR – Eleanor said to Harry, â€Å"The president is dead . † Truman replied, â€Å"Is there anything I can do for you. † Mrs Roosevelt responded, â€Å"Oh no, is there anything that we can do for you, you’re the one who is in trouble now. † FDR won 1944 election primarily b/c war was going well by Nov 1944 (many thought it was all but officially won and over) Action by USA against Adolf Hitler’s campaign of genocide against the Jews – was reprehensively slow in coming – Did not admit large numbers of refugees to USA, nor bomb RR lines at death camps – USA did know – Gov’t knew for sure since 1942 when â€Å"final solution† was implemented – US gov’t knew before if they chose to believe it (plus Mein Kampf, Hitler’s book), not major reason at all really that USA fought WWII – like Civil War sort of in that abolition of slavery was a by-product that many Federal/Union soldiers did not realize they were fighting for at the beginning of the war, nor would many of them fought for that ideal anyway–my opinion–so you know it’s correct! ( Hitler’s last ditch attempt to achieve victory against the USA & British (plus other Allies) came in – Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944-Jan 1945) My uncle FL was there – got that nasty eye wound †¢ Hurtgen Forrest (When Trumpets Fade) before Bulge near Achaen in W Germany almost on Belgian border – brutal mine fields – slaughter – overshadowed by Bulge so largely forgotten †¢ Bulge – why it’s called the Battle of the Bulge – weather – secrecy – push through weak Ardennes – Malmady – Mr. High – casualties 76,000 US – worst battle in US history (Okinawa close, Gettysburg too) – Germans lost 140,000+ – cold – no air cover for weeks – Bastogne – 101st Airborne (Band of Brothers) – 101st at Normandy, Market Garden, Basto gne, Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest – Patton & 3rd Army – costly choice to push bulge back rather than pinch it (liposuction) – air cover returns – push to the Rhine – USSR pushing from the East – USSR in Berlin – brutal As result of Battle of Leyte Gulf – Japan was finished a s a naval power (Philippines 1944 – largest naval battle ever – Halsey – Taffy 3 – Kamikazes – Yamato) [Philippines fell – 500 POWs rescued at Cabanatuan (The Great Raid) – hold outs in to 1970s] {Iwo Jima and Okinawa and Japanese home islands left to take to end Pacific war} ***** War of attrition in Pacific – to the death – rarely took prisoners on either side unless want information Potsdam Conference – issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender of â€Å"face a rain of ruin from the air† †¢ It’s already facing a â€Å"rain of ruin from the air’ as did German cities! p. 851 Potsdam Conference (Truman told Stalin of massive weapon to use on Japan – Stalin not surprised (b/c he knew from spies already) – told Truman to use it & promised to enter war in Pacific as he had agreed to earlier – entered war 8/8/ 45, day before 2nd A-bomb on Nagasaki that time, Hiroshima the first on 8/6/45) Total unconditional surrender or be destroyed – threat of more bombing – not specific as to use of an atomic bomb – more bombing – so what – already taking that! Spending of enormous sums of money on the original (to be used against Germany) atomic (nuclear) bomb project (Manhattan Project) was spurred by the belief that – the American public would not tolerate the (massive) casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan (***** Much More Complex Than That! ***** Letter â€Å"c† in the answer choices – The Japanese were (still) at work (and more successful than Germans – who tried heavy water in Norway but suffered to sabotage attacks – one at the plant, the other sinking a ferry w/the heavy water on board – still at bottom of the lake in Norway) on an atomic bomb of their own (claim to have detonated one in Manchuria ) ***** Japanese had lots of weapons ready for the Final Battle or invasion of Japan, which was planned & ready to go – they also had chemical weapons from Shiro Ishi’s Unit 731 in Manchuria – chemical & biological weapons – delivery systems – Ex. High altitude balloons, flea bombs, etc†¦- USA made post-war deal w/ the Devil! No war crimes trials for vivisections, experiments, infection of disease, anthrax, plague, etc†¦ The â€Å"unconditional surrender† policy toward Japan was finally modified by – agreeing to let Japan’s Emperor Hirohito stay on the throne (w/Democratic gov’t) * No war crimes trials for emperor – Tojo took the fall for emperor – no Shiro Ishi or members of Unit 731 unlike Nazis – let Japan have terms that Germany did not get – then USA – built up former enemies (W Germany & Japan) into allies while former allies (USSR< etc†¦) became enemies – COLD WAR! The following were qualities of US participation in WWII: A group of highly effective military & political leaders, an enormously effective effort in producing weapons & supplies (usually more, & later, better equipment than enemies – out produced the Axis), the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from air (small submarine skirmishes & some off-shore shelling, & some balloons w/explosives in 48 continental USA), the maintenance & re-affirmation of strength of democracy, What about a higher % of military casualties than any other Allied nation (USA had least casualties of big ones – USSR suffered more casualties than any country on either side) ————————————————————————————————————————————â₠¬â€ p. 27 FDR as â€Å"all wise† for Germany first strategy over those who disagree – Pacific war always get ripped off p. 828 Allies Trade Space for Time * German (& Japanese) scientists – weapons – A-Bombs pp. 829-832 The Shock of War pp. 830-831 Japanese-Am Internment (Farewell to Manzanar) Issei, Nisei, Exec Order #9066 (100th/442nd) pp. 832-833 Building the War Machine * strikes Ex Coal Miners – exploited, underpaid – share profits Kaiser shipbuilding pp. 833-834 Man power & Woman power – Braceros (later deportations in â€Å"Operation Wetback†) – Rosie (Wendy) – day-cares p. 834 War migration map pp. 835-837 wartime migrations p. 835 Tuskegee Airmen photo p. 835 A Philip Randolph (Exec Order #8802) **** (Charles Drew – Af-Am did first successful blood transfusion – put in charge of Allied blood banks – he was forced to segregate blood too – his death outside a hospital after an a ccident – died waiting for a blood tranfusion b/c white hospital would not admit him) p. 835 Double V, CORE – 1942, NAACP membership increases p. 836 Comanche (Europe) & Navajo (Pacific) â€Å"code talkers† pp. 836-837 Zoot Suit Riots in LA, CA 1943 & Detroit, MI 1943 â€Å"Sudden rubbing against one another of unfamiliar peoples produced some distressingly violent action. † pp. 837-838 Holding the Homefront p. 837 National Debt Chart pp. 838-839 The Rising Sun in the Pacific p. 838 Map of Luzon, Bataan, & Corrigador (Philippines) p. 838 (Mao and ) Chiang Kai-shek resist Japanese w/Allied help p. 38 Flying â€Å"the Hump† in Himalayas (b/c of Burma Road – Merril’s Mauraders & Gen Stillwell) p. 838 â€Å"ill-trained† Filipinos, MacArthur holds fast – delays Japanese – Bataan Death March (POW rescue) p. 839 Japan’s High Tide at Midway (plus Aleutians) pp. 839-841 American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo (island-hop ping & leapfrogging like blitzkrieg Pacific style) * Book does opposite of Europe First strategy of Allies †¢ Guam (Saipan – suicides), Marianas â€Å"Turkey Shoot’ F6F Hellcat kill ratio †¢ 6-20-44 Battle of Philippine Sea – massive Japanese losses p. 840 Map of Pacific War p. 841 Churchill – â€Å"The Hun is always either at you throat or at your feet. † pp. 841-842 The Allied Halting of Hitler p. 41 Battle of the Atlantic – U-boats, destroyers, RADAR, SONAR, Enigma, New U-boats (not enough early in war – Downitz) – no sub can stay under indefinitely b/c food is limitation (U-571) pp. 842-843 A Second Front from North Africa to Rome p. 842 USSR lost ~20 million pp. 842-843 â€Å"unconditional surrender† debate & results pp. 843-846 D-Day: June 6th, 194p. 845 Examining the Evidence – Teheran 1943 – Overlord Discussion (* Dieppe in France) p. 844 Ike chosen to command D-Day invasion – (fei gnt w/Patton at Calais – codes, underground, paratroopers, Rangers, 5 beaches, air power, Mulberry harbors, etc†¦) p. 846 D-Day (Agincourt 1415 – officer recited Shakespeare) in picture caption p. 846 Aug 1944 invasion of S France (A Murphy) pp. 846-847 FDR: Four Termite of 1944 p. 47 Focus on VP – Truman – on Sen Committee for Wasteful Spending – told to stop investigating Manhattan Project – he later learns it was Atomic Bombs p. 848 FDR defeats Dewey – FDR had Rep owned newspapers against him again p. 848 Quote from Congresswoman Clare Booth Luce – â€Å"He lied us into war because he did not have the political courage to lead us into it. † pp. 848-849 The Last Days of Hitler p. 849 Map of Battle of the Bulge * 76,000 casualties – worst US battle ever – so far * Okinawa & Gettysburg were both very bad too Bulge mistakes p. 848 bombings pp. 848-849 (Remagen) Rhine River crossing into Germany p. 849 H olocaust – camps liberated – horrors known now for all (unit 731 in Manchuria) p. 849 FDR’s deathVE Day 5-8-45 pp. 49-851 Japan Dies Hard – US subs sinking Japanese ships – cutting off Japan’s vital lifeline sank 1. 042 ships ~50% of Japan’s merchant fleet p. 850 Bombings in Japan Ex. Tokyo 3/9-10/1945 ~83,000 KIA p. 850 Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, & Pkinawa – short-changed as usual by textbooks that suck! Iwo Jima 6,000 KIA not 4,000 Okinawa 50,000 US casualties (KIA, WIA, MIA, POW) @ Okinawa, Japanese had ~200,000 military & civilian casualties p. 851 2nd Flag Raising (Flags of Our Fathers, Letters from Iwo Jima, The Sands of Iwo Jima) p. 851 Kamikazes (Saipan & Leyte, then Iwo & Okinawa – worst of all – no Final Battle – would’ve been worst) †¢ They had lots stored up for the Final Battle pp. 851-853 Atomic Bombs p. 52 Hiroshima picture – post-bomb on 8-6-45 180,000 KIA, WIA, MIA 70,000 KIA instantly 60,000 died later from radiation, etc†¦ p. 852 USSR enters war in Pacific on 8-8-45 day before Nagasaki 8-9-45 KIA of 40,000 instantly, more later USSR invaded Manchuria & North Korea (not a country split N & S until 1950) 8-14-45 Japan surrendered 8-15-45 VJ Day official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri (Big Mo) on 9/2/45 w/MacArthur , etc†¦ pp. 853-854 The Allies Triumphant p. 853 US casualties ~ 1 million ~1/3rd KIA †¢ plasma, penicillin, (quanine for malaria), etc†¦. (medics, corpsman, doctors, nurses) USSR lost ~20 million plus more casualties 13. 6 million military killed plus 7. 2 million civilians killed plus up to 30 million more wounded and refugees p. 853 US attacked on W coast Ex balloons w/bombs, etc.. & submarines on both coasts p. 853 â€Å"In the end, the US showed itself to be resourceful, tough, and adaptable to accommodate itself to the tactics of an enemy who was relentless and ruthless. † Kind of funny given US hi story – don’t you think? p. 854 VJ Day 8-15-45 image p. 854 production marvels – won war through production – more of everything – then eventually better & more! Churchill – â€Å"Nothing succeeds like excess. † Herman Goering (Head of German air force/Luftwaffe – â€Å"Americans can’t build planes – only electric ice boxes and razor blades. † Goering also said that the P-51 Mustang (US fighter plane) won the war for the Allies p. 854 â€Å"But the American people preserved their precious liberties without serious impairment. † What would Zinn say? Is this a reference to loss of liberties during WWI – Espionage and Sedition Acts? What would â€Å"enemy aliens† and citizens interned during the war say? Ex. Italian & German internment Japanese-American internment p. 854 Chronology p. 855 World War II: Triumph or Tragedy? Post-war scholarship was to avoid isolationist appeasement in Cold War Another paralleled 1930’s revisionist of post-WWI said US should have stayed out – made it worse Another thought FDR was naive isolationist Others thought FDR was a calculating interventionist Another focused on Atomic Bombs controversy – racism issue or timing b/c Germans were beaten already Gar Alperovitz said bomb was used to scare USSR & hurry surrender MartinJ. Sherwin said we dropped A-bombs when ready to end was ASAP w/bonus of scaring USSR ***** Textbook ignores Rises to Power of Totalitarian leaders like Stalin (communist), Mussolini (fascist), Hitler (fascist), & Japan’s militarist gov’t w/emporer Hirohito led by Tojo early in war – he took the fall It does not explain the role of the emperor in Japan’s gov’t Battle of Berlin – brutal pay back – refugees – rapes – POWs – Hitler’s death

Thw Winter Holiday Homework

EICHER SCHOOL HOLIDAY HOMEWORK CLASS – VIII ENGLISH Q1Read the newspaper article and answer the questions that follow: Ban is the correct move 10 Feb 2009, Vikram Sinha The move by the central government to finally introduce an amendment to the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, prohibiting the use of cell phones while driving, has materialized. It also ensures that there are no loopholes left in the law by including hands-free sets in the ban . Doubtless, there will be those who claim that such devices are safe since they free both hands for driving. It is a false claim. There is an assumption that it is the physical hindrance caused by conversing on the phone while driving that is the main safety hazard. Rather, the issue is the mental distraction of the driver. The US is pushing all its states to implement a similar ban. For evidence, it cites several studies, such as one by the university of Utah, which prove that using hands-free devices is as dangerous as speaking on cell phone without them. Another study cited by the report establishes why this so. It states that conversing with a fellow passenger is not dangerous and many instead lead to greater safety. The reason for this is simple enough . a co-passenger is likely to keep an eye on the road, adjust or stop danger. A person at the other end of a phone connection cannot do this. The conservation will remain unchanged, demanding the driver’s attention and lessening his focus on the road at the moment when he might need it the most. The introduction of such a specific law in India is long overdue. And now that one is finally being introduced, the Ministry of Road Transport and highways is taking the correct step by being thorough. [ source: TOI 10 Feb,2009] 2. 1 ‘It is a false claim’ ( para 1). What is the false claim? The claim that A. the amendment is finally being introduced B. co-drivers can help a driver avoid accidents C. all cell phones can create distractions for drivers D. hand- free phones can be safely used when driving 2. 2. What is the usual assumption of people? A. Conversing on a cellphone causes maximum accidents. B. Using a phone while driving does not cause any difficulty C. Mental distractions are more harmful than physical distractions. D. These bans should only be implemented in US. and 2. 3 According to the passage, in what way is the driver talking to a co-passenger less risky as compared to talking on phone? A. Talking to a co-passenger increases the concentration of the driver. B. Talking to a co-passenger keeps a driver awake in long drives. C. Co- passengers will stop the conversation and warn the driver of danger. D. Co-passengers can answer the phone calls 2. 4 ‘The US is pushing all its states to implement a similar ban’ Here ‘similar ban’ refers to A. Use of cell phones while driving B. Talking to co- passengers while driving C. Use of both cell-phones and hands- free devices while driving D. None of the above 2. 5. Choose the word from the passage that means the same as â€Å" strictly not allowed† A. rohibited B. implemented C. hindrance D. loopholes Q2 Prepare a book review on the class library / school library book you have read based on the following points: 1) Name of the book 2) About the author 3) Judgement 4) Summary G. SC Bio Q1. State the importance of water. Q2. Why is the frequency of irrigation higher in summer? Q3. What is irrigati on? Describe two methods of irrigation which conserve water. Q4. Write a paragraph in your own words on each of the following a) Preparation of soil. b) Sowing Q5. Why weeds should be removed before they produce flowers and seeds? Q6. Why is weeding necessary? Chem Q1. State the different ways to stop fire. Q2. Why a gas burner does has holes surrounding it (on outside)? Q3. Cooking utensils acquire the coating of a black powdery substance if kept on yellow flame of the burner. Why? Q4. Draw a well labeled diagram to show the different regions of flame. Phy Q1. What is the purpose of L. H. C? (Large Hadron Collider) Q2. How are charges developed here? Q3. Write two areas where problems are coming LHC? Q4. What discovery it will make once it becomes successful? Q5. Write a short note on LHC. [READ CHAPTER NATURAL PHENOMENA TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT] S. ST ? Collect information on Durban ,South Africa Earth Summit held this year. ? The information has to be pasted in the class note books. ? Students will be graded on the work submitted. S. kt Do pg . 77 to 81 in Assignment. Hindi (Do page num 117 and 135 from assignment) MATHS 1. Express the following as the product of two factors:- i) 18Ãâ€"2 + 24x + 8 ii) 25t2 + 10t + 1 iii) 9u2 – 6u + 1 2. Evaluate (48Ãâ€"2 + 30x + 3) ? 16x + 3) 3. Divide :- i) a6 + 2a3b3 – 3b6 by a3 – b3 ii) 4Ãâ€"4 + 1 by 2Ãâ€"2 + 2x + 1 4. Check whether x -2 is a factor of x3 – 8 5. A certain sum of simple interest becomes double in 20 years. In how many years will it become four times? 6. If the C. P of 8 articles is equal to S. P of 6 articles, find the gain %. 7. What sum of money will amount to 45582. 25 at 6[pic] p. a in 2 years, interest being compounded annually? 8. A cubical container is 15 cm long. The volume of container is 5. 4 cm3. Find the area of its end. 9. Due to rainfall, a square terrace of length 9m is filled with water up to a height of 6 cm. How many litres of water has accumulated on the terrace? 10. Find the value of x, if i) 2x = (6)2 – (4)2 ii) 6x = (23)2 – (17)2 11. If the area of rectangular field is 21 x2 – 7x and one of its sides is 7 x,what is its other side ? 12. Find the greatest no. of seven digits which is perfect square. What is the square root of this number? 13. A decimal fraction is multiplied by itself. If the product is 251953. 8025, find the fraction. 14. Find the volume of a cube whose total surface is 486 cm2 ? 15. Multiply – 3x2y by (7x3y – 5xy2). Verify the product by taking x = -2, y = -1.

Essay on Junk Food Essay

Most of today’s Americans are killing themselves with food. Everywhere I go, all I see is fast-food restaurants, lousy eating habits and unconscious people. They don’t seem to make eating habits a priority anymore. I think that people forgot one of the fundamental aspects of the human body: you are what you eat. If you eat fat, you will be fat. It is as logical to me as saying that if you drink five gallons of gasoline, you will die. Thus, I think that children should begin learning good food habits at a young age, so that the doom of an America where people die of heart failure in their twenties can be avoided. Let’s start with fast-food. The best example of this phenomenon is the so-loved – or so-dreaded, in my point of view – Mc Donald’s. I have seen all sorts of awkward situations in these weight enhancement centers. Just lately, they stated that their chicken was now real white chicken. This makes me wonder, how was their chicken before? What was I eating in my Mc Chicken (or not) when their chicken was not chicken? God knows. Even though Mc Donald’s restaurants offer ridiculously low-quality food, millions of people continue eating it regularly. I think I know the reason why: they are lazy. Why make the effort of carefully planning your nutrition when you can pick up a box of junk right off the shelves? I was shocked when I got here and witnessed the obsession that people have with carbohydrates. For every single product (or almost) that is bad for your health, there is another one that is identified as â€Å"low-carb†. To me, this means â€Å"less bad†; I think we can agree that less bad does not mean good. Instead of wanting to eat the same junk with a bit less carbohydrates, people should rather try to change their alimentation to one that is going to be healthy and nutritious. This is the era of communications, technology, stress and hurry. Everything just keeps getting faster, and this includes eating. People don’t take the time to eat slowly anymore. It is scientifically proven that when you eat too fast, you over-eat. This is due to the fact that the status of the stomach (whether it is full or not) is reported to the brain within a ten minute delay. Thus, if you eat too fast, you probably won’t know when to stop. As result of this, your stomach will be overfilled and will stretch without shrinking back afterwards. So, the next time you eat, your stomach  will get larger, and larger, and so on. This will go on until the point where you will die of plumpness. Since these habits are developed at a young age, students should be taught to eat slowly in order to avoid this problem. In conclusion, weight problems in the United States are due to two realities: junk food and bad eating habits. If students were better educated at a young age, over-weight would most probably not be a major issue for Americans.

Death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Death penalty - Essay Example The turmoil experienced in prison makes the place a hellhole and is good enough to serve as punishment for the law breakers. The only life giver-and-taker is believed to be God in terms of religion. Anyone who takes away life therefore, including the owner, serves as a sinner as per the Decalogue. Involving death as a form of punishment therefore is not even close to the right way of correcting. Across all states, there ought to be revisions in case any has adopted capital punishment for criminals. They need to revisit how valuable life is, how irreplaceable it is, and how holy it is believed to be. Never can one be rectified by killing them. It is of no good to them when they are already dead (Should Death Penalty allowed, n.d). My view is in contradiction with the death penalty as it offers governments rights to kill. One of the human rights is the right to enjoy the gift of life. Under no circumstances therefore should an individual be denied the privilege to live. If it is correction for moral uprightness, it cannot be done by subjecting the individual to death. A dead person does not suffer any consequences. It does not make sense when the state tries to do away with a problem by acting more of the same problem. It would be more logical if these murderers and other law breakers are allowed to live as changed souls that will influence change in other citizens with the same intentions. Let the state induce a better way of rectifying the character then allow them to influence change to society. Cases have been witnessed of the worst law breakers turning a new leaf only to become the best preachers. Their testimonies end up to be the best weapons in reaching out to the unnoticed criminals and drawing them t owards becoming best vessels of honor. Even the government itself cannot make the impact towards change of character that one redeemed criminal could make if given the chance.

Islamic finance PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islamic finance - PowerPoint Presentation Example Instead Islam asks for an equitable distribution of wealth so that all members of society can prosper together. Concentration of wealth in a few hands is not desirable. Islam strikes a balance between conventional socialism and capitalism. One allows only for private ownership, while the other negates it outright. It is the Islamic way that has sought a path between the two extremes for the betterment of man. Unlike conventional systems, Islam recognizes only 3 factors of production which include capital, land and labor. The returns generated from the combination of these three are distributed accordingly. Capital gains return in the form of profits, land in the form of rent and labor in the form of wages. Islamic Contracts Islamic contracts govern the business conventions on how trade transactions must be entered into. First of all, the trade must be permissible in the light of Shariah. It cannot contain any element of Riba’, Gharar, Mysur, Haram etc. Secondly, there are many conditions which must be fulfilled in order for a contract to be rendered valid. They include: A condition which is not against the contract is a valid condition A condition which seems to be against the contract, but is normal market practice, is no void unless proved in the light of Shariah. A condition which seems to be against the contract and not market practice but favors any one participant is void. A condition which is against the contract, not market practice, and doesn’t favor anyone is a void condition. Sales in Islamic Finance The concept of sales in Islam is the exchange of a thing of value with another thing of value. However, it is very strict on the core principles of sales. In the contract, there must be offer and acceptance for the contract to be executed. Furthermore, the individuals must be sane and of proper age to enter into agreements such as this one. The commodity/asset under consideration must exist. It must also have some intrinsic value to as to c ater to the sale. Furthermore, it should be capable of showing ownership. For example, no one can point to the moon and claim that they own it. It exists, and must have some value. But since it cannot be owned, it cannot be transacted. Furthermore, the asset must be deliverable to the buyer, the quantity and quality must be aforementioned. The price of the trade must be addressed at the start so as to avoid any misunderstandings between the parties. Lastly, either physical or constructive possession of the asset must be taken in order to render the sale complete. Modes of Islamic Finance The modes of Islamic Finance, while seemingly like their conventional counterparts, are free from all the Haram (unlawful) ways which have been prohibited in Islam. Following are the types of Islamic Financing: 1. Musharakah In a Musharakah agreement, two parties come together to form an alliance for commercial enterprise and share the profits according to a set ratio. This is decided at the time of entering into the alliance. However, if a loss occurs then the parties distribute that according to the rate of participation of initial investment from each individual. There are two explicit types of Musharakah. In the first type, the partnership arises out of a joint ownership of an asset. For example, two brothers inherit their father’s sugarcane factory. Hence they become partners through the joint ownership which exists. The second kind is via contracts. In this case, the two individuals enter into an

Sociology - group experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sociology - group experiment - Essay Example Immediately almost everyone's attention was turned to us, the pace at which people danced slowed down. Some people looked directly at us and others stared at us through the corner of their eye. 2 couples left the dance floor and the rest continued looking at us either directly or indirectly and were obviously talking about what we were trying to do or our reason for doing this. When the song ended we left the dance floor and nobody approached us later to ask what we were doing. Our basic assumption was that those in the dance floor would expect us to be dancing to the tune of the song being played. Perhaps, they thought, they would have other party goers which they can grind with and show their dance moves. Maybe we were even interested in becoming acquaintances. We assumed that talking and drinking in the dance floor would have the impression of unusualness that would reveal their expectations regarding our assumed behavior. The theoretical and academic framework underlying the breaching experiment is the sociological field of ethnomethodology. It is the study of the way in which people maintain the present social order. It is a contrast to the belief that human behavior is caused by external causal factors or internalized motivations. According to Brinkerhoff, White, Ortega and Weitz (2006), Ethnomethodology stresses that active reason and knowledgeable character of human conduct are the forces that control our social behavior. Harold Garfinkel of the well known musical duo Simon and Garfunkel established a school of ethnomethodology in the 1960, at a time when the structuralism/functionalism was the dominant theory in the field. Garfinkel conducted experiments to prove that the crucial thing governing social exchange were common sense understandings that were unstable and are recreated every day in each social interaction (Bremmer, 2006) .What Garfinkel did was to perform a series of breaching experiments which broke the accepted rules of a social situation. For example, he planned that some students in a group would cheat at tic-tac-toe. According to the structuralists, social order would have broken down, however, the students incorporated the cheating into the rules and continued playing showing that understa ndings are recreated every day (Bremmer, 2006). It is the intent of this student to perform a breaching experiment on his peers in an attempt to observe this phenomenon. This experiment shows that if behavior is not what would be expected and if that behavior would likely impede that goal, friction will arise as was the case in this experiment. In the case of the activity that we conducted, the people dancing in the dance floor seemed not to have a care in the world and were only concerned with the way they and their partners were dancing. My colleagues and I assumed that even though they displayed this unconcerned behavior towards people they don't know or they don't want to get intimate with, they were indeed very sensitive to what is happening around them. We also assumed that these people expected us to be going in the dance floor to dance as if there was an unwritten agreement or contract that everybody understood and complied with. It was common sense to be dancing in the dance floor. According to Bremmer (2006), breaking common sense barriers often lead to bewilderment gradually