Investigating Psychology Classic Studies Research Essay

Examine and assess the ways in which the classic studies discussed in Chapters 2, 4 and 8 of Investigating Psychology influenced subsequent psychological research. Certain psychological studies are termed ‘classics’ as they’ve become renowned for the influence or contribution that they’ve made to particular areas of psychology. This essay looks in detail at such studies, carried out by Milgram, Skinner and Broadbent, with a view to assessing the value of their influences on subsequent psychological research. This essay aims to demonstrate how these studies have largely been influential and valuable as a result of their strengths, but will also demonstrate that a weakness within the structure of a study can also be influential. B.F. Skinner is considered to be one of the most influential psychologists of the twentieth century (Brace and Byford, 2012). His work on behaviour shaping and theory of operant conditioning is still influential today. Skinner believed that behaviour could be influenced through manipulation such as reinforcement, and controversially believed that thought processes and free will play no part in d etermining behaviour. To test his theories he experimented with rats and pigeons. He created the ‘Skinner box’ which meant that the animals’ behaviour could scientifically and objectively be measured. This was an influential and important development that enabled future studies to be carried out under tight controls. Skinner argued that learning through reinforcement could be successfully extended to humans (Toates, 2012). Subsequent research studies have been carried out testing the sustained influence of Skinners theory of reinforcement, and supporting its validity and value. Studies by Swinson and Harrop, 2005 (cited in Toates, 2012) support that challenging behaviour in the classroom can be reduced using positive reinforcement. E.g. a child receives praise for desired behaviours, rather than receiving attention for undesirable behaviour. Therefore Skinner’s classical study has had a positive influence in relation to behaviour in education. Furthermore there is evidence from therapeutic settings (Flora 2004), (cited in Toates, 2012) including mental hospitals, showing that children and adults have been successfully modified for psychological issues such as self-harming, using therapies derived from Skinner’s studies. These techniques of reinforcement are being used today in many hospitals, schools and prisons. (Toates, 2012). However, aspects of Skinner’s theory of behaviourism, displayed weaknesses  and as such is not favoured in psychology today. Most psychologists retain the view that free will is instrumental to behaviour and how we learn, believing that our ability to make choices is influenced by factors other than operant conditioning alone. This was a view rejected by Skinner (Toates, 2012). This aspect of behaviourism has had little influence on subsequent research other than to refute it. Nevertheless Skinners work on operant conditioning remains influential, and is used by many professionals (Cherry, 2013). Furthermore, the work of David Broadbent has been greatly influential and valuable, the evidence of which continues to be seen in research today. Broadbent’s work has contributed to our understanding of attention. He invented the modern study of attention, introducing and making popular the ‘information-processing’ approach which launched the cognitive revolution. This approach was the first testable model of attention and Broadbent was keen that others carried out experiments to test it (Edgar and Edgar 2012). He believed that psychological theory should come from considering practical problems, and with this approach he bridged the gap between the laboratory and the real-world (Berry, 2002, p.403). Broadbent’s model displayed that we have limited capacity to how much information we can process at one time, and as such this affects our abilities to multi-task etc. (Edgar and Edgar, 2012). This has implications on everyday tasks such as driving. This proved extremely valuable information with regards to researching cognitive abilities in humans, and is still used in cognitive psychology today. Colin Cherry was a contemporary of Broadbent’s, whose research extended that of Broadbent’s to explore the role of ‘meaning’ in attention. Cherry’s (1953) findings showed that meaning does play a role in information-processing and as a consequence Broadbent’s original model needed to be modified in a way that recognised memory, experience and expectations can influence attention. These findings generated refinements to the model, raised further specific questions and generated hypothesis which have been, and continue to be tested by carefully designed experiments. This process is known as the â€Å"Cycle of Enquiry†. Broadbent’s research regarding attention and multi-tasking influenced Ivan Brown et al. (1960), (cited in Edgar and Edgar, 2012) to conduct studies into the effects on driving whilst using a mobile ‘phone. This study is an excellent example and evidence of hypothesis testing. There were certain  elements applied to the experiment to ensure a valid test of the hypothesis: Performance or ‘dependent variables’ were measured by speed/accuracy; the two ‘conditions’ were driving without using a ‘phone, and driving the same route whilst answering questions using a ‘phone. The ‘conditions’ arose from manipulating the ‘independent’ variable’ – the use of a ‘phone or not. Other variables were controlled to ensure that the only influence on the result of the study was the variable being measured. The finding of the experiment supported Broadbent’s views regarding attention and multi-tasking. The value that the ‘cycle of enquiry’ adds to subsequent psychological research is immeasurable, as it ensures research is constantly open to re-evaluation. Over time and with the advent of technology, re search performed by Broadbent has influenced studies using fMRI which have been able to ‘see’ how attention is depicted in brain activity. Findings were consistent with Broadbent’s theory of limited capacity (Sabine Kastner et. al. (1998) cited in Edgar and Edgar 2012). Broadbent’s methodical approach to experimental research and theory development were the origins of subsequent psychological research. As such he was instrumental in the development of cognitive psychology. (Edgar and Edgar 2012). Equally influential on psychological research is Milgram’s studies into obedience from authorities’ (1961), which was provoked by the atrocities of the Second World War. The studies investigated whether volunteers would administer potential lethal electrical shocks to another human because they were told to by an ‘authoritative figure’. The findings were alarming in that most people were willing to administer the shocks on the instruction of ‘someone in authority.’ It was these findings that provoked much debate and influenced attempts at replications of the original study. Weaknesses of the study included it being conducted in a single geographical area, using same gender participants, and not being carried out in a real-world environment. In order to address the issue of gender, Milgram himself replicated his study using only females, with the resu lts showing that women were just as likely as men to give the shocks (Banyard, 2012). With regards to culture and geography, Milgram’s study was replicated in many countries and the results were analysed by Peter Smith and Michael Bond (1993), (cited in Banyard, 2012). The findings were that varying degrees of obedience were displayed by different cultures. To test the theory in a real-world  environment, a replication was carried out in a work environment by Charles Hofling et.al. (1996), (cited in Banyard, 2012) to see if nurses would give patients an overdose of a drug on the instruction of a telephone call from a Doctor. The drugs were ‘dummies’ and the Doctor a fake. The request broke hospital protocol but alarmingly a very high percentage of nurses followed the Doctors instruction. However, it’s not just the findings regarding human behaviour that have been greatly influential, but a significant weakness of the study has been equally so. The first code of ethics, The Nuremberg Code, was devised in 1946 as a response to the atrocities carried out during the Second World War. Many people disapproved of Milgram’s obedience studies as they felt that it was ethically wrong. One such psychologist was Diana Baumrind who felt Milgram had broken certain aspects of the code of ethics (Banyard, 2012). She believe d that the participants hadn’t been treated properly as their welfare had been compromised due to the extreme stress they had encountered; they weren’t able to give informed consent; the emotional cost to the participants wasn’t worth the benefit of the study, and participants weren’t able to exercise their right to withdraw. Furthermore, she argued that Milgram had harmed the public image of psychology. The value of this to subsequent research is that the obedience study demonstrated why ethics is so important in psychology, and highlighted the need for strict guidelines in research (Banyard, 2012). These very concerns regarding ethics would make it difficult to replicate the original study today. However, the development of technology has enabled replications of the study to be carried out in a virtual environment (Mel Slater et.al 2006, cited in Banyard 2012). The findings were similar to that of the original study. However you measure Milgram’s impact, whether it’s in terms of obedience, ethics or human behaviour, he remains one of the most influential Social Psychologists of our time. (Banyard, 2012). To conclude, having looked in detail at the classic studies, the evidence supplied clearly demonstrates that they’ve had a significant and valuable influence on subsequent psychological research. The influence that they’ve had and the high value to research are evident throughout history. However, it is also important to note that these studies do also display weaknesses; there are elements which have been challenged, offer no value, and have had no significant influence on subsequent research. This is however, over  shadowed by the body of evidence presented that outline the many ways in which the classical studies have influenced subsequent psychological research and continue to do so. (1553 words). References: Banyard, P. (2012) ‘Just Following Orders?’ in Brace, N. and Byford, J. (eds) Investigating Psychology, Oxford, Oxford University press/Milton Keynes, The Open University. Berry, D. (2012) The Psychologist, vol.15, no.8 22 August [Online]. Available at www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm/volumeID_15-edition_83-ArticleID_437-getfile-getPDF/thepsychologist/aug02berry.pdf) (Accessed 14 August 2013) Brace, N. and Byford, J. (eds) Investigating Psychology, Oxford, Oxford University press/Milton Keynes, The Open University. Cherry, K. (2013) http://psychology.about.com/od/profileofmajorthinkers/p/bio_skinner.htm (Accessed 14 August 2013) Edgar, H. and Edgar, G. (2012) ‘Paying Attention’ in Brace, N. and Byford, J. (eds) Investigating Psychology, Oxford, Oxford University press/Milton Keynes, The Open University. Toates, F. (2012. ‘Changing Behaviour’ in Brace, N. and Byford, J. (eds) Investigating Psychology, Oxford, Oxford University press/Milton Keynes, The Open University.

Burger King and Its Advertising Campaigns Essay

Burger King is a reliable burger company which has had its ups and downs. In 1974, it came out with a slogan of â€Å"Have it your way† and at this time it also had a 4 % market share. Burger King’s idea was to have the customer have their burger done their way rather than a standard burger. In the early 80’s Burger King was trying to keep sales growing so they had to keep changing their advertising. In 1982 â€Å"Battle of the burgers† and â€Å"Aren’t you hungry for a Burger king now? † were the slogans used. In 1983 â€Å"Broiling vs. frying† and 1985 â€Å"The big switch†. All these ads throughout the years helped increase market shares from 7. 6% to 8. 3% from 1983 to 1985. â€Å"Search for herb† was a slogan used by BK about a person that has never tasted a whopper burger, this campaign was supposed to increase market share by 10% but in reality only increased it by 1% it was a disaster. In 1986-1987 â€Å"this is a burger king town† and â€Å"best food for fast times† brought a lot of attention to the company. In 1988 â€Å"We do it like you do it† was used often but a year later they came out with two new slogans which confused the customer. In 1989 â€Å"Sometimes you gotta break the rules† and â€Å"BK tee vee† with MTV and Dan Cortese with â€Å"I love this place†. This was another huge setback for BK because people on the go and parents found this ad loud and irritating. BK at this time has failed to establish a solid image that would differentiate it from its competitors. Ads if anything only confused consumers as to what advantages BK offered. In 1993 it had a market share of 6. 1% were McDonalds had 15. 6% and BK’s sales were growing slower than its rivals. Failed advertising campaigns weren’t the only problem’s, they also had internal problems. Management lacked focus and direction and has struggled with marketing mix decisions. Franchises became confused and angered, service was slow and food preparation wasn’t consistent. Burger King lost its core product- flame broiled burgers, made the way the customer wanted them. Another thing that hurt them was the fact they didn’t lower prices to keep competing with their competitors this led to a below average sales growth. Many in store promotion also failed. In 1993 a new CEO was introduced, this allowed for huge turnaround and in fact it did. He helped please the franchises and responded to their problems and listened to their recommendations. Then later he lowered prices and hired a new advertising agency. 1. In reading this case analysis I figured Burger King to advertise the Whopper, but throughout the past years they didn’t do this. I figure the whopper or the flame broiled ads would have been more productive and probably would have resulted in greater sales margin. I also feel that the ads should have distinguished themselves from what other ads by letting the people know that burger king wasn’t just another standardized burger. Throughout the years, BK tried to establish the market by becoming someone they weren’t. I feel the ads used by BK should have been simple and to the point. This would have caused less confusion and more honesty with the customer, this is because you don’t want to advertise a pizza or a taco if your selling burgers. Other objectives BK wanted was to target teens with the MTV approach. This also failed because people found it loud and annoying. Then they tried a sit in type of restaurant, which also failed because people want a fast food low price meal not a high priced, sit down meal. Advertising is any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. Advertising is a good way to inform and persuade the customer. Advertising objectives are based on past decisions about the target market, positioning and target mix. There are five steps to making a major advertising decision these steps are as follows: Objective setting, Budget decisions, Message decision or media decision, and campaign evaluation. Along with these steps BK should also remember to inform, persuade, and to remind. These three are a must that a company should aim at, for example: in informing BK used the ad â€Å"Broiling vs. frying† in 1983 letting the consumer know that their burgers were broiled and not fried. In persuading, I think BK over did it and that is why I feel that they didn’t retain market share. They tried to be someone they weren’t with slogans like â€Å"search for herb† in 85 and many others like â€Å"BK Tee Vee† trying to persuade the younger generation and â€Å"Sometimes you gotta break the rules†. These slogans and more tried to persuade the consumer. In reminding their customers BK has done a good job. They’ve at least expanded nationally and internationally and always have commercials everywhere with a juicy whopper on the screen, reminding the viewer that BK is the only place a whopper is made. 2. BK’s past advertising and corporate strategy failed because BK did the two biggest mistakes they could have done. First they didn’t listen to the customer and second they didn’t advertise their main product a maintain a target market. In not accomplishing any of these two strategies in the past it allowed their rivals to get a lead on them. In 1993 McDonalds, for example, had a market share of 15. 6 percent compared to BK’s 6. 1 percent. This is because they established their market and didn’t try to invent new strategies. Burger King started to lose market shares when it first came out with the search for herb, and then it declined again when it tried to target the teenage generation rather than staying loyal to the general customer. It tried targeting the younger generation through MTV. This became insulting and irritating to the old customers and to the quiet more relaxed people and even all the young children who prefer clowns than some man screaming on TV . BK did not listen to its customer, they tried to establish a restaurant type of business, rather than their fast food burgers. Fast food patrons really wanted low prices and quick but high quality food, not a higher priced, sit down meal. The corporate strategy and the past advertising wasn’t the only problem and wasn’t the only one at fault for BK’s failure. They also had internal problems. Management has had troubles with the market mix decisions. Service was slow and food preparation was inconsistent and many stores needed remodeling. BK didn’t focus on its burger ,instead they were trying to experiment with pizza’s and ice cream. This caused confusion ,and confusion brings problems. To add to the problems BK was more expensive than McDonalds or Wendy’s combos, which was also hurt sales for Burger King. 3. For the new advertising campaign I would personally target the young and the old generation. I would also be very health conscious and try to establish myself as an environment safe corporation. Burger King is huge, they have the ability to do what they please, but they better make sure the customer are happy. I would make new slogans, and put new ideas for kids and grown ups to enjoy. I remember when I was growing up I used to love going to Burger King for a burger and getting a little toy. Now, you get a toy but the prices are so high you really end up paying for it anyway. I wouldn’t leave out the teenage to mid- twenty’s crowd, but I feel they are less influence by ads and specials, they will buy what is probably better and cheaper. Besides if you target them when they are small growing up then when they already grow they look they like you anyway. That is why you have to target the young and make sure you are good to them. New slogans are hard to come by in specially into this society where you better watch what you say or you will get suit. I do not really believe in slogans, I personally rather buy quality than to hear how good it could be. For me seeing is believing and I do not believe everything I hear. 4. I recommend a couple of things for Burger King to do. One has already been accomplish, this was I would first change the CEO. In this case Jim Adamson stepped in July 1991, since then Burger King has made a turn around. He listened and responded to franchise problems and recommendations. He locked into a strategy of concentrating on BK’s core products flame broiled, bigger burgers. He launched a new pricing structure which will compete with that of McDonald’s. Burger King also needed to get some effective advertising, and I believe Mr. Adamson also accomplished this, seeing BK has grown since 1991. He went back to the basics which I think was the most important part of a Company’s rebuilding, because this how you got to where you are and if all else fails, it’s like starting again with experience. BK became known as â€Å"The voice of the people† opposed to McDonald’s been known as the voice of the Corporation. I also feel BK advertising has improved. Now you see burgers on TV compare to Dan Cortese a couple of years ago. You also see people having a good time and eating a whopper. I feel Burger King is a company with many obstacles but it is also a company that if is stuck to its basic game plan, it could regain a great deal of the market share. If I was to give a recommendation it would probably be for BK to stay been loyal to your customers and to try to keep the market share.

Leadership A 21st Century Leader Of A Business, Government...

Title: Leadership Assignment Topic Using relevant theories and models critically evaluate and analyse the leadership of a 21st century leader of a (business, government or not-for-profit) organisation. If you were in the position of the leader, what could you do to be a better leader and make a stronger impact on the followers and on the situation? Write a report in which you cover the following: †¢ a clear description of the leader, the organisation/industry, and situation/context †¢ an evaluation of the leader by referring to concepts and theories covered in the subject (e.g. style, behaviour, traits, attitudes, power) and by referring to relevant examples and mini-cases in the textbook (where appropriate) †¢ a discussion of how you would lead differently if you were put in the same situation/s as the leader and how you could make a stronger impact on the followers and on the situation/s. 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Things You Should Know About Ielts Essay Samples 2015

Things You Should Know About Ielts Essay Samples 2015 Introducing Ielts Essay Samples 2015 Now you know the structures you should take a look at our task two sample answers to observe how they've been used in practice. You have to answer the questions you're asked. In case you have any questions, I would like to know below. Every test-taker dreams of becoming inside info on the latest test questions. Additionally, there are daily practice activities on our FB page. For example, Skype and Facebook make it feasible that people interact in ways which were never before possible. Students often utilize search engines to answer a question and just copy the text from a site, instead of thinking about the question. All About Ielts Essay Samples 2015 These IELTS sample essays are categorised in a manner that makes it simple for you to observe how certain essay question types ask that you offer certain responses to be sure the question is completely answered. Several websites claim to provide this calendar year's IELTS essay questions. If you search the internet for IELTS essay questions from using this calendar year, you are going to receive a lot of results. The writing test is marked employing a 9-band scale, like the rest of the regions of the test. This practice isn't only prohibited in schools and universities but in addition stunts a student's intellectual improvement. Other individuals think education will not operate. Other people feel they should only be permitted to study subjects that'll be helpful in the future, like those related to science and technology. Technology has altered the way we work. There are several smart scientists who don't have the funds to acquire important info to finish their research. You don't have to incorporate any data within this paragraph, just tell the examiner what is going on in general terms. Among the biggest mistakes you can create in task 1 is including all of the info you see. To sum up, among the prin cipal issues with over-use of technology in education is plagiarism, which can be solved via the use of plagiarism detection program. The Fundamentals of Ielts Essay Samples 2015 Revealed In conclusion, there are lots of advantages to working from home. When employees work away from their homes, the price of running the company comes down. Firstly, folks will need to work really hard and put much effort in their jobs should they need to be prosperous. Usually you have to take the IELTS test if you're applying for employment or to study in a college or university in an English-speaking country or if you're migrating to such nation. There are several ecofriendly technological alternatives to what society utilizes today that are not as damaging for nature. It is suggested to look for the one which has an excellent reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical prices. The free movement of products across national borders has for ages been a controversial matter. Eve n though within this situation free knowledge is beneficial, it's not true in all situations. To summarize, it's obvious that computers are now part of our normal life. CONCLUSION In conclusion, distributing information totally free of charge can help in some specific facets but can also be damaging to society. By contrast, I think the saying that fortune has an important part to play is merely a fallacy. Examine the benefits and disadvantages and provide your own opinion. Employing a computer each and every day can have more negative than positive impacts on children. It's an exam meant for non-native English speakers. The dawn of the web and networking solutions has made it feasible that people work from their house instead of their offices. A prime case of this is the sum of on-line university courses available to students, covering a plethora of subjects, that up until recently were unavailable to the majority of learners. The End of Ielts Essay Samples 2015 Additiona l some people are lucky to be given great talents which others don't have. Also, certain sorts of information in the incorrect hands can be devastating for society. Some people today say this is a good trend, while some argue that it's leading to negative consequences. They believe that the best way to reduce the crime is educating people in prison so they can get a job after leaving prison. The cost of an essay depends upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. The sentences which you put in each individual paragraph will be contingent on what kind of question you become. Our sample essay has a very simple but decent introduction in which it demonstrates that the examinee has knowledge of the subject and clearly states the writer's position to establish the remainder of the essay. A well-structured essay has a very good introduction, body paragraphs that are simple to follow and connect together, and a great conclusion. Some believe that individuals want to li ve simpler lives to address environmental difficulties. Aged people can require care. In the end, educational films may be informative, but there would not be a chance for young individuals to interact and ask questions. If people live longer they get a chance to meet their wishes and obligations. Since most individuals spend a significant part of their adult life on the job, job satisfaction is a significant element of individual wellbeing. As nearly all adults spend the majority of their time on the job, being content with your career is an important portion of an individual's health and happiness. When it is dynamic we might have to compare different occasions and comment on the general trends over the period of time. A more severe issue is that the high price of a university education will signify that lots of families are reluctant to have more than 1 child, exacerbating the falling birthrates in some specific nations. The Upside to Ielts Essay Samples 2015 You also ne ed to demonstrate your capacity to compose a clear, well-structured argument. There are many kinds of structures that could get you a high score. In the second job, candidates are assessed on their capacity to create a crystal clear and logical argument on a particular topic. Secondly, someone is not as likely to achieve his targets if he fails to have determination. From a personal standpoint, computers can help young individuals to learn more regarding the world. On the flip side, I am of the opinion that there continue to be solutions to keep criminal justice. The important thing is finding the most critical data and not speaking about anything else.

Immanuel Kant An Persuasive Mastermind Of The...

IMMANUEL KANT Historical Context Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), was a German philosopher who today is viewed as the most persuasive mastermind of the Enlightenment time and one of the best Western thinkers of all times. His works, particularly those on epistemology (which is the study of what differentiates belief from opinion), feel and morals impacted later philosophers, including contemporary ones. Other than setting up himself as one of the well-known Western scholars, Kant additionally made a vital commitment to science and is viewed as a standout amongst the most critical figures in the advancement of cutting edge science notwithstanding the way that he was most powerful on logic of science and information that science produces. His principle commitment to the climb cutting edge science was its freedom from philosophy. Immanuel Kant was destined to Johann Georg Cant and his significant other Anna Regina Cant as fourth of nine children. His (fatherly) granddad was from Scotland where the surname Cant is still generally regular in the north. Immanuel chose to change his surname from Cant into Kant with the end goal for it to meet the German spelling and pronunciation improves. Kant grew up affected by Pietism, a Protestant gathering that was extremely well known in the northern part of Germany during the mid eighteenth century. At 8 years old, he enlisted into a Latin Pietist school with a mean to study religious philosophy when more established. Be that as it may, he soon

Impact Assessment And Project Of Appraisal - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact Assessment And Project Of Appraisal. Answer: Standard Chartered and Amex The standard charter bank was founded through the merger of dual different banks, india chartered bank, Australia and China and the South Africa British standard bank. The bank operates in 68 countries placing focus in Middle East, and Asia Africa. The standard chartered bank is made up of the regional segment and global segment that is supported by the business function. The company has four segments for client se. The business and organized banking and private banking that are globally run with the client in the segment reinforced by the oversight gloabal relationship managers. The retail and salable banking that is regionally run with the product and strategy segment on a global oversight. The customers are assisted by the relationship managers in the country with particular local market knowledge. The company plays a vital role in ensuring they promote the social and economic growth in the market. The organization expresses this through its sustainability priorities which compris e of contributing to the economic growth that is sustainable, being a company that is responsible and community investment. The priorities explain how the company operates ("Our business - Standard Chartered Bank", 2015). Standard charted core business is the support market sustainable growth through banking. The organization provides loans and advances to the various people across the institutional, retail banking and commercial. The company provides support to the significant segment of the economy that is driving the growth that is sustainable from micro financing to infrastructure financing. America express is an organization that provides financial service and travel amenities universally, tracing its origins to the business express in new york that was established by Henry Wells. The company has gradually grown from the safe transport to the travel checks and money orders. Consequently growing its travel service operations which comprise of the credit card services. The Amex main business is the delivery of the credit card and charge, travel associated amenities to both wholesale and customers and to corporates globally. The organization comprises of four main business segments. The US card amenities, this department offers the card products, comprising of small business charge cards and individual, revolving the credit card and sponsored co-branded cards to small business and the retail consumers. The card professional the organization core business ("Company American Express | Cleverism.com", 2016).The organization earns from subscriptions that are annually and inter est fees charged to the credit and overdraft. International Card Services, Amex offers card services to retail consumers and small business in some markets around the globe("Company American Express | Cleverism.com", 2016). The organization provides a marketing service arm that offers market analysis and operation platforms and services in consultation for a business that is smaller (Gale, 2013).Global Commercial services, the organization offers payment and management expenses and the travel related services to corporations that are medium-sized and large. This department provides services cards that are corporate, B2B solution payments and services related to business travels. Global Network and merchant services, this department operate networks that are globally paid that settle transaction. It offers merchants with multichannel marketing programs and financing products, and reporting and analytical data. Comparison of Standard Chartered and Amex American express New York social responsibility methodology is a natural extension of the brand that is outstanding to gain trust, service, and security. The company aims to create value for its consumers. Despite the value state, social, environmental or economic. The organization commitment extends from creating products that are innovative to card membership protection privacy and data security of consumer information. From the promotion of small business growth to diverse leaders development. From the meeting of the energy and carbon targets to building a company that is culture oriented and cementing the communities that they operate in. The organization service ethos aspires a culture that is of high performing employees, customers who are engaged, stakeholders who are satisfied and other responsible business partnership. The organization action helps it to contribute to the sustainability of the communities they operate in an environment that is favorable for conducting busine ss. The corporate social responsibility report released in 2016 highlighted the organization efforts to create environmental, social and economic value for its stakeholders. Also the organization focuses to a commitment to an operation that is ethically and responsibly accepted. The report describes the way the organization committed to service shapes the daily work and approach. The commitment extends from the product innovation creation to protection of the member's card data security. From the meeting of the organization energy and carbon targets to creation of an organizational culture that is very strong and diverse. The American express has recognized its responsibility to the environmental protection. The organization has made its progress to energy conservation, waste reduction, and natural resources sustainability promotion. The organization strives to achieve this goal by setting up a five years carbon footprint reduction goal. The organization has also made a commitment to ensure that they make their operations greener. This has been achieved through solar panels installations on the organization rooftops to reduce the intensity of the carbon of the electricity used. The organization has taken place in the community giving through the establishment of programs that offer grants, food and help the needy people (Grieco, 2013). Standard chartered bank work with local communities to offer training on health and education. The organization largest program seeing is believing has provided funds to tackle blindness that can be avoidable. The organization has looked forward to empowering young women and girls through training in sports and life skills. The organization aims at building the financial capability f the youth and micro and small entrepreneurs in the market. The organization looks forward to exploring the innovation of digitizing financial education to further the organization programs. The community programs are an important part of the organization sustainability aspirations. The standard chartered foundation is the charitable organization of the standard chartered bank in Malaysia. The arm was established with an objective of identifying and channeling financial aid to those in the community. The program is based on three different pillars which comprise of the youth, health, and education. The pr ogram aim at reducing the autism disorder. The disorder is an overwhelming to parent; the programs seek to help the parent through support provision and creation of awareness among the citizen. Difference Standard Chartered and Amex The sustainability report of the two financial organizations has placed an emphasis on the environmental social and corporate governance criteria. The two organizations have placed a major focus on the sustainability issues that are similar, the corporate governance and ethic practices, product quality and safety, community practice, human rights, environmental protection and workplace practices (Gibson, 2006). The structure of reporting, the standard chartered bank has grouped its data into three categories, environment, people, and contribution to sustainable growth, on the contrary, the American express new york has categorized its data into five, the people, the communities ,the environment that organization operates in, companies services ethos, companys customers and partners. Quality of social responsibility according to Zadek 1997 criteria. (Zadek et al,1997) principle of quality of reporting were categorized into eight quality in social accounting. The criteria seek to find the extent to which the two companies reports conform to the best practices and its contribution. The issues under study comprise of. The management policies and systems: Disclosure, comparability; both companies have enabled the organization performance to be compared as assessment basis. Inclusivity: both organization the social and ethical accounting and auditing has reflected the accounts and view of all the principal stakeholders, the organization has accommodated the objectives and values diversity. Completeness; in both companies, no area of the organization activities has been excluded deliberately from the assessment task. Evolution: in both organizations, the social footprint of the company at one time has to vary. External verification: the organization has placed emphasis on the strengthen of the legitimacy and accountability. The improv ement that is considered continuous in nature: In both organizations the quality of the report aimed at assessing the progress rather than merely retrospective performance. These principles identify the level of the organization examination to the procedures of the social accounting. American express and standards chartered bank provides a report on their social responsibility. The study reveals that both companies are working towards some level of the accountability procedure that is socially acceptable and transparent (Koto, 2011). Both companies have adopted the most widely used reporting framework for sustainability the global reporting initiative (Manetti,2011). The two companies have adopted the framework of GRI for reports compilation. It is very hard for companies to present their sustainability data exactly the same way because of the different reporting tool and context and information that they use. According to (Crane Matten 2010,p,219), there is an issue with the global reporting framework. The GRI has been critically criticized for its concern to the establishment of procedures for voluntarily reporting, rather than having an explicit aim to promote mandatory reporting(Crane Matten 2010,p,219).Every company has its freedom determine its data based on rules of the organization selection, there is penalty imposed at all. Standard Chartered and Amex core values Standard Chartered Bank is committed to meeting the sustainability challenges across the markets, the organization aspires to achieve its main core values which comprise of, responsive, courageous, creative, international firm and trustworthy. The organization values provide a framework on which to do the employees assessment and the ability to communicate the organizational culture to a broader range of the stakeholders, customers, and prospective employees. The organistaion culture provides a source of competitive advantage for the organization ("Culture and values - Standard Chartered Bank", 2013). American express values reflect who the organization is. The core value of the organization comprises of, customer commitment, quality products, and services, upholding the highest integrity of the organization action, teamwork, respect people, good citizenship, strong will to win. The organization staff put a lot of efforts to ensuring that America express is the most respected world service brand ("Our Company", 2015). It is evident that both companies values have been the basis of the organization involved in the social responsibility accountability. The organization focuses on the component thats in their favor while conducting business. Group discussion In the group discussion held, there was a keen interest in the organization risk management. From the research conducted, it was clear that the Amex place a lot of emphasis on the risk management and governance structure, alongside the business practices. The organization makes use of its enterprise risk management program to identify, monitor and manage risk. The program defines the organization risk appetite, capabilities and culture. In regards to the standard chartered bank, we discussed the organization aspiration to build three sustainable priorities with measurable targets to demonstrate how the organization achieves sustainability across the business. Conclusion Social responsibility accounting on the performance of both organizations is a significant approach for the company to manage its impact on the sustainable development. There are many challenges on the sustainable development and is accepted globally that the organization has the ability to exert changes that are positive. Reporting leads to sustainable growth that is improved .This is because it paves way for the organization to measure; improve their performance on particular issues. It is clear that organization operating globally engage in important social responsibility activities while still being part of noncompliance activities. Never the less the social responsibility has been deep rooted in the standard charted bank than in the American express New York. References Crane, A., Palazzo, G., Spence, L. J., Matten, D. (2014). Contesting the value of creating shared value.California management review,56(2), 130-153. Company American Express | Cleverism.com. (2016). Cleverism. Retrieved 3 January 2018, from https://www.cleverism.com/company/american-express/ Culture and values - Standard Chartered Bank. (2013). Sc.com. Retrieved 3 January 2018, from https://www.sc.com/en/sustainability/our-approach/culture-and-values.html Gale, T. (2013). American Express Company facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about American Express Company. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 January 2018, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/american-express Gibson, R. B. (2006). Sustainability assessment: basic components of a practical approach.Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal,24(3), 170-182. Grieco, J. (2013). American Express Corporate Social Responsibility. American Express. Retrieved 3 January 2018, from https://production.wordpress.uconn.edu/businesssmf/wp-content/uploads/sites/818/2014/09/AXP-Social-Responsibility.pdf Herbling, D. (2016). Corporate News. Business Daily paper dated 17th April 2016 Jamali, D., Safieddine, A. M., Rabbath, M. (2008). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility synergies and interrelationships.Corporate Governance: An International Review,16(5), 443-459. Koto, W. (2011). The Values Of Your Company: Priceless. Business Insider. Retrieved 3 January 2018, from https://www.businessinsider.com/the-values-of-your-company-priceless-2011-8?IR=T Morimoto, R., Ash, J., Hope, C. (2005). Corporate social responsibility audit: From theory to practice.Journal of Business ethics,62(4), 315-325. Manetti, G. (2011). The quality of stakeholder engagement in sustainability reporting: empirical evidence and critical points.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,18(2), 110-122. Our business - Standard Chartered Bank. (2015). Sc.com. Retrieved 3 January 2018, from https://www.sc.com/en/about-us/who-we-are/our-business.html Our Company. (2015). About.americanexpress.com. Retrieved 3 January 2018, from https://about.americanexpress.com/oc/whoweare/ Singh, R. K., Murty, H. R., Gupta, S. K., Dikshit, A. K. (2009). An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies.Ecological indicators,9(2), 189-212. Welford, R. (2005). Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe and Asia. Zadek et al (1997) Social, and ethical accounting, auditing and reporting: How to do it (in Crane et al, 2013) Vogel, D. (2007).The market for virtue: The potential and limits of corporate social responsibility. Brookings Institution Press.

The Evolution Of The Microprocessor Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The Evolution Of The Microprocessor Persuasive Essay Word Count: 2326Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 years, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and computers (Givone 1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products; some have succeeded and some have not. This paper will discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other. We will write a custom essay on The Evolution Of The Microprocessor Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not know much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in-volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi-croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The number 16 in the 16-bit microproces-sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi-croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are 576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster. Another common term which is mentioned frequently in the paper is the oscil-lator or the time at which the processors clock ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what f requency the microprocessor can proc-ess information, this value is measured in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a measurement of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for the computer to execute an instructions, other wise knows as a cy-cle. There are many different types of companies of which all have their own family of processors. Since the individual processors in the families were developed over a fairly long period of time, it is hard to distinguish which processors were introduced in order. This paper will mention the families of processors in no particular order. The first microprocessor that will be discussed is the family of microprocessors called the 9900 series manufactured by Texas Instruments during the mid-70s and was developed from the architecture of the 900 minicomputer series (Titus, 178). There were five dif-ferent actual microprocessors that were designed in this family, they were the TMS9900, TMS9980A, TMS9981, TMS9985, and the TMS9940. The TMS9900 was the first of these microprocessors so the next four of the microprocessors where simply variations of the TMS9900 (Titus, 178). The 9900 series microprocessors runs with 64K memory and besides the fact that the 9900 is a 16-bit microprocessor, only 15 of the address memory circuits are in use (Titus, 179). The 16th address is used for the computer to distinguish between word and data functions (Titus, 179. The 9900 series microprocessors runs from 300 nanoseconds to 500 ns from 2MHz to 3.3MHz and even some variations of the original microprocessor where made to go up to 4MHz (Avtar, 115). The next microprocessor that will be discussed is the LSI-11 which was pro-duced from the structural plans of the PDP-11 minicomputer family. There are three microprocessors in the LSI-11 family they are the LSI-11, LSI-11/2, and the much im-proved over the others is the LSI-11/32 (Titus, 131). The big difference between the LSI-11 family of microprocessors and other similar microprocessors of its kind is they have the instruction codes of a microcomputer but since the LSI-11 microprocessor originated from the PDP-11 family it is a multi-microprocessor (Avtar, 207). The fact that the LSI-11 microprocessor is a multi-microprocessor means that many other mi-croprocessors are used in conjunction with the LSI-11 to function properly (Avtar, 207). The LSI-11 microprocessor has a direct processing speed of 16-bit word and 7-bit data, however the improved LSI-11/22 can directly process 64-bit data (Titus, 131). The average time that the LSI-11 and LSI-11/2 process at are 380 nanoseconds, wh ile the LSI-11/23 is clocked at 300 nanoseconds (Titus, 132). There are some great strengths that lie in the LSI-11 family, some of which are the efficient way at which the microprocessor processes and the ability to run minicomputer software which leads to great hardware support (Avtar, 179). Although there are many strengths to the LSI-11 family there are a couple of weaknesses, they have limited memory and the slow-ness of speed at which the LSI-11 processes at (Avtar, 179). .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d , .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d .postImageUrl , .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d , .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d:hover , .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d:visited , .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d:active { border:0!important; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d:active , .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7ca9e2474c2e4e2647675009efd7686d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gsm: Network Architecture EssayThe next major microprocessors in the microcomputing industry were the Z8001 and Z8002, however when the microprocessor entered into the market the term Z8000 was used to mean either or both of the microprocessors (Titus, 73). So when describing the features of both the Z8001 and the Z8002, they will be referred to as the Z8000. The microprocessor was designed by the Zilog Corporation and put out on the market in 1979 (Titus, 73). The Z8000 are a lot like the many other previous micro-processors except for the obvious fact that it is faster and better, but are similar be-cause they depend on their registers to function properly (Titus, 73). T he Z8000 was improved by using 21 16-bit registers, 14 of them are used for general purposes opera-tions (Titus, 73). The difference with the Z8001 and the Z8002 is the Z8002 can only address 65K bytes of memory, which is fascinating compared to the microprocessors earlier in time but is greatly inferior to the Z8001 which can address 8M bytes (8000K) of memory (Titus, 73). The addressing memory between the two otherwise very simi-lar microprocessors is drastically different were as other functions of the microproces-sors seem to be quite the same. An example of this is the cycle time. The cycle time is 250 nanoseconds and the average number of cycles that occur per instruction are be-tween 10 and 14 for both microprocessors (Avtar, 25). The next microprocessor that will be discussed is the 8086. This microproces-sor is the best in my opinion, out of all the 16-bit microprocessors. Not only because the speeds of processing are tremendous, but because it simply paved the way to the 3 2-bit microprocessors using various techniques that will be discussed later. The 8086 was the second Intel microprocessor (being preceded by the 8080) (Avtar, 19). The 8086 was introduced in early 1978 by Intel (Avtar, 19). Like so many of the other processors the 8086 is register oriented with fourteen 16-bit registers, eight of which are used for general processing purposes (Avtar, 19). The 8086 can directly address 1MB (1,048,576 bytes) which is used only in accessing Read Only Memory. The ba-sic clock frequency for the 8086 is between 4MHz and 8MHz depending on the type of 8086 microprocessor that is used (Avtar, 20). Up until this point in the paper there have been common reoccurring phrase such as a microprocessor containing 14 16-bit registers. At this time in the evolution of microprocessors come the 32-bit register, which obviously has double the capacity to hold information for the microprocessor. Because of this simple increase of the register capacity we have a whole different type of microprocessor. Although the 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors are quite different (meaning they have more compo-nents and such), the 32-bit microprocessors will be described in the same terms as the 16-bit microprocessors were. The remainder of the paper will discuss the 32-bit microprocessor series. The external data bus is a term that will be referred to in the remainder of the paper is. The data bus is basically what brings data from the memory to the processor and from the processor to the memory (Givone, 123). The data bus is similar to the registers located on the microprocessor but are a little bit sl ower to access (Givone, 123). The first 32-bit microprocessor in the microprocessor industry that will be dis-cussed is the series 32000 family and was originally built for main-frame computers. In the 32000 family all of the different microprocessors have the same 32-bit internal structure; but may have external bus values such as 8, 16, or 32 bits (Mitchell, 225). In the 32000 family the microprocessors use only 24 of the potential 32 bit addressing space, giving the microprocessor a 16 Mbyte address space (Mitchell, 225). The 32-bit registers are set up so there are six 32-bit dedicated registers and then in combina-tion there are two 16-bit dedicated registers (Mitchell, 231). Each dedicated register has its own type of specific information that it holds for processing (Mitchell, 232). The microprocessors oscillator (which now comes from an external source) runs at 2.5 MHz, but due to a divide-by-four prescaler the clock frequency runs at 10MHz. There have been many new ideas pu t into practice to improve the 32000 series micro-processor generally and thus making it run faster and more efficient. .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 , .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 .postImageUrl , .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 , .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99:hover , .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99:visited , .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99:active { border:0!important; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99:active , .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99 .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c10f6d17124aa55c47c091621ddac99:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The For A Family History Project EssayThe next family of microprocessor which was fabricated for the microcomputer is the MC68020 32-bit microprocessor which is based on the MC68000 family. The other microprocessors that are included in this family are the MC68000, MC68008, MC68010 and the MC68012 (Avtar, 302). Before going into the types of components that this microprocessor contains, it should first be know that the making of the MC68020 has been the product of 60 man-years of designing including the manufac-turing of the High-density Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor giving the mi-croprocessor high speed and low resistance and heat loss (Avtar, 302). Because of a ll the work that was put into the MC68020 and its other related microprocessors, it is an extremely complex microprocessor. The MC68020 operates in two modes, these are the user mode(for application programs) or the supervisor mode (the operating system and other special functions) (Mitchell, 155). The user and supervisor modes all have there own specific registers to operate their functions. The user programming has 17 32-bit address registers, and an 8-bit register (Mitchell, 155). Then the supervisor pro-gramming has three 32-bit, an 8-bit and two 3-bit registers for small miscellaneous functions (Mitchell, 155). All of these registers within the two modes are split up into different groups which would hold different information as usual, but this set up of registers gives the microprocessors a 20 32-bit information storing capacity. The next family of microprocessor is Intels 80386 and 80486 families. The 80386 and 80486 were mostly over all better then the other microprocessors being made by the different companies in the industry at this time, simply because Intel is now the leading microprocessor producer in todays market. The 80386 was a product that evolved from Intels very first microprocessor, the 8-bit 8080 (Mitchell, 85). Then next came the earlier mentioned 16-bit 8086. The reason why Intel did so well in the market for microprocessors was because every microprocessor that they made was compatible with the previous and future (Mitchell, 85). This means that if a piece of software worked on the 8080 then it worked on the future microprocessors and vice-a-versa. Not only did Intel look forward but they looked back. The main difference between the 80386 and the other 32-bit microprocessors is the added feature of a bar-rel shifter (Mitchell, 88). The barrel shifter allowed information to switch places mul-tiple times in the registers within a single cycle (Mitchell, 88). The microprocessor contains 8 general purpose 32-bit registers, but with the ba rrel shifter that is increased to the equivalent of a 64-bit microprocessor. For the most common 20MHz 80386 microprocessor the run time for each cycle is 59 nanoseconds, but for a 33MHz mi-croprocessor the cycle time is reduced to 49 nanoseconds. The next 32-bit microprocessor in market are ATTs WE32100 and 32200 (Mitchell, 5). These microprocessors also needed six peripheral chips in order to run, these are termed: Memory Management Units, floating point arithmetic, Maths Accel-eration Units, Direct Memory Access Control, and Dynamic Rand Access Memory Control (Mitchell, 5). These microprocessors apart from the microprocessors all work an important part of processing the data that comes through the microprocessor. The difference from this microprocessor and the others is because the WE32200 address information over the 32-bit range with the help of a disk to work as a slow form of memory (Mitchell, 9). The WE32200 microprocessor runs at a frequency of 24MHz (Mitchell, 9). The 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors are a mere page in the great book of processor history. There will be many new and extremely different processors in the near future. A tremendous amount of time and money have been put into the making and improving of the microprocessor. The improving and investment of billions of dollars are continually going toward the cause of elaborating the microprocessors. The evolution of the microprocessor will continue to evolve for the better until the time when a much faster and more efficient electronic device is invented. This is turn will create a whole new and powerful generation of computers. Hopefully this paper has given the reader some insight into the world of microprocessor and how much work has been put into the manufacturing of the microprocessor over the years. BibliographyMitchel, H.J. 32-bit Microprocessors. Boston: CRC Press. 1986,1991Titus, Christopher A. 16-Bit Microprocessors. Indiana: Howard W. Sams Co., Inc. 1981Aumiaux, M. Microprocessor Systems. New York: John Wiley Sons. 1982Givone, Donald D.; Rosser, Robert P. Microprocessors/Microcomputers. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1980Avtar, Singh. 16-Bit and 32-Bit Microprocessors: Architecture, Software, and Interfacing Techniques: New Jersey. Englewood Cliffs. 1991