Policing Paper Free Essays

Policing Paper Tyrone L. Sterling University of Phoenix Survey of Justice and Security AJS/502 Dr. Pamela Knothe June 14, 2012 Policing Paper The City of Chicago has adopted a new tool to use against fighting crime. We will write a custom essay sample on Policing Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is what is known as the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS). Many people have never heard of the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS). The Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy came about in April 1993 and was first implemented in five of the 25 police districts in Chicago. Rogers Park, Morgan Park, Austin, Marquette, and Englewood were the first locations of the CAPS Program. The reasons these locations were picked was determined by their crime problems, economics, demographics, and their levels of community organization. In 1994 the other 20 districts of Chicago were participants of the CAPS Program. Outreaching is always a very important goal when there is a merger of organizations. In this case it is collaboration between a community and law enforcement (Chicago Police department) agencies. The benefits of incorporating this idea could include (but not limited to) the sharing of information, and increase trust between parties hat were involved or mainly working together to prevent crimes from taking place. One key point that makes the CAPS a unique program is that it places the community, the police, and other city agencies on the same sheet of music in protect their neighborhoods against crime. In law enforcement it is always better to be proactive than reactive, and developing additional support always give him or her the upper hand. Crime prevention at the neighborhood level is effective because the use of new technology to help police and residents target crime hot spots. More efficient use of city services that affects crime, extensive training for both police and ommunity, neighborhood-based beat officers and regular beat community meetings involving police and residents. One main goals of the CAPS program is to implement successful and effective way to make neighborhoods safer by improving the quality of life. With the United States the CAPS program has been recognized as one effective and proactive means of police and community involvement in the fight against crime. In relatio n to functions of patrol, crime investigation, emergency, and critical incident response and future trends of the CAPS program. One key point of functions of patrolling could be the proactive vigilance of the community (individual neighborhoods) in taking preventive measures in developing an increase of their crime rates. Crime investigations are still the sole responsibility of the Chicago police department; however, it is always easier to investigate crimes when he or she does have the support of the community backing him or her up. This has proven to be very effective means of adding in investigations, instead of the community not wanting to get involve, like it was in the past. With relation to emergency and critical incident response, there have been positive comments that have been said about the CAPS program involvement in reporting certain situations. It is hard to predict the future brings for the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Program. Observing past trends from when the program was first started, one could see how crime has gone down, the community has gotten more involve in the prevention of crimes in their neighborhoods. Above all the CAPS program has been identified as one of the best programs in the United States in community and police collaboration. I know with any new program, there are budget stipulations. However, because this program has had positive reviews and comments, I think funding may not be an issue. In conclusion, the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Program was explained as well as the origin. It was also noted when and above all why it was incorporated. There are ongoing discussions of how private security agencies and policing work together. There are few (if any) discussions of the role that a particular community and policing affect each other. In this instance the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Program should be followed and modeled in communities across the nation. In looking at the pros and cons of the CAPS Program, there are far many pros that outweigh the cons. In fact that alone shows the effectiveness of the program. For any other community, district, city, or metropolitan area; this program should be the basis of law enforcement and community collaboration. Reference: https://portal. chicagopolice. org/portal/page/portal/ClearPath/Get%20Involved/How%20CAPS%20works/What%20is%20CAPS How to cite Policing Paper, Essay examples

Clinton Files Essay Example For Students

Clinton Files Essay TEXT 1On Sunday, January 21, 1996, according to Ms. Lewinsky, she and thePresident had another sexual encounter. Her time of White House entry isnot reflected in records. She left at 3:56 p.m. The President moved from theResidence to the Oval Office at 3:33 p.m. and remained there until 7:40p.m. On that day, according to Ms. Lewinsky, she saw the President in a hallwayby an elevator, and he invited her to the Oval Office. According to Ms. Lewinsky:We had . . . had phone sex for the first time the week prior, and I was feelinga little bit insecure about whether he had liked it or didnt like it . . . . Ididntknow if this was sort of developing into some kind of a longer-termrelationship than what I thought it initially might have been, that maybe hehad some regular girlfriend who was furloughed . . . . According to Ms. Lewinsky, she questioned the President about his interestin her. I asked him why he doesnt ask me any questions about myself, and . . . isthis just about sex . . . or do you have some interest in trying to get to knowme as a person? The President laughed and said, according to Ms. Lewinsky, that he cherishes the time that he had with me. She consideredit a little bit odd for him to speak of cherishing their time together when Ifelt like he didnt really even know me yet. They continued talking as they went to the hallway by the study. Then, withMs. Lewinsky in mid-sentence, he just started kissing me.He lifted her top andtouched her breasts with his hands and mouth. According to Ms. Lewinsky,the President unzipped his pants and sort of exposed himself, and sheperformedoral sex. At one point during the encounter, someone entered the Oval Office. In Ms. Lewinskys recollection, The President zipped up real quickly and went outand came back in . . . . I just remember laughing because he had walked outthere and he was visibly aroused, and I just thought it was funny. A short time later, the President got word that his next appointment, a friendfrom Arkansas, had arrived. He took Ms. Lewinsky out through the OvalOffice into Ms. Hernreichs office, where he kissed her goodbye. TEXT 2On Sunday, February 4, according to Ms. Lewinsky, she and the Presidenthad their sixth sexual encounter and their first lengthy and personalconversation. ThePresident was in the Oval Office from 3:36 to 7:05 p.m. He had no telephonecalls in the Oval Office before 4:45 p.m. Records do not show Ms. Lewinskys entry or exit. According to Ms. Lewinsky, the President telephoned her at her desk andtheyplanned their rendezvous. At her suggestion, they bumped into each otherin thehallway, because when it happened accidentally, that seemed to work reallywell, then walked together to the area of the private study. There, according to Ms. Lewinsky, they kissed. She was wearing a longdressthat buttoned from the neck to the ankles. And he unbuttoned my dressandhe unhooked my bra, and sort of took the dress off my shoulders and . . . moved the bra . . . . He was looking at me and touching me and telling mehow beautiful I was. He touched her breasts with his hands and his mouth,and touched her genitals, first through underwear and then directly. Sheperformed oral sex on him. After their sexual encounter, the President and Ms. Lewinsky sat and talkedin the Oval Office for about 45 minutes. Ms. Lewinsky thought the Presidentmight be responding to her suggestion during their previous meeting abouttrying to get to know me. It was during that conversation on February 4,according to Ms. Lewinsky, that their friendship started to blossom. .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 , .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 .postImageUrl , .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 , .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890:hover , .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890:visited , .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890:active { border:0!important; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890:active , .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890 .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63a449659f29d50e6fdbe9021cc45890:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Advantages Of Cosmetic Surgery EssayWhen she prepared to depart, according to Ms. Lewinsky, the Presidentkissed my arm and told me hed call me, and then I said, yeah, well, whatsmy phonenumber? And so he recited both my home number and my office number offthetop of his head. The President called her at her desk later that afternoonandsaid he had enjoyed their time together. TEXT 3We went back over by the bathroom in the hallway, and we kissed. We werekissing and he unbuttoned my dress and fondled my breasts with my bra on,andthen took them out of my bra and was kissing them and touching them withhishands and with his mouth. And then I think I was touching him in his genital area through his pants, andI think I unbuttoned his shirt and was kissing his chest. And then . . . Iwanted to perform oral sex on him . . . and so I did. And then . . . I think heheard something, or he heard someone in the office. So, we moved into thebathroom. And I continued to perform oral sex and then he pushed me away, kind of ashealways did before he came, and then I stood up and I said . . . I care aboutyou so much; . . . I dont understand why you wont let me . . . make youcome; its important to me; I mean, it just doesnt feel complete, it doesntseem right. Ms. Lewinsky testified that she and the President hugged, and he said hedidntwant to get addicted to me, and he didnt want me to get addicted to him. Theylooked at each other for a moment. Then, saying that I dont want todisappoint you, the President consented. For the first time, she performedoral sexthrough completion. TEXT 4According to Ms. Lewinsky, their sexual encounter began with a suddenkiss:This was another one of those occasions when I was babbling on aboutsomething, and he just kissed me, kind of to shut me up, I think. ThePresidentunbuttoned her blouse and touched her breasts without removing herbra.He went to go put his hand down my pants, and then I unzipped thembecause it was easier. And I didnt have any panties on. And so he manuallystimulated me. According to Ms. Lewinsky, I wanted him to touch mygenitals with his genitals, and he did so, lightly and without penetration. Then Ms. Lewinsky performed oral sex on him, again until he ejaculated. TEXT 5I had set up in his back office, I had brought an apple square and put acandle and had put his birthday presents out. And after he came back inand I sang happy birthday and he got his presents, I asked him . . . if wecould share a birthday kiss in honor of our birthdays, because mine hadbeen just a few weeks before. So, he said that that was okay and we couldkind of bend the rules that day. And so . . . we kissed. Ms. Lewinsky touched the Presidents genitals through his pants and movedto perform oral sex, but the President rebuffed her. In her recollection:Hesaid, Im trying not to do this and Im trying to be good. . . .He got visiblyupset. And so . . . I hugged him and I told him I was sorry and not to beupset. Later, in a draft note to Handsome, Ms. Lewinsky referred to thisvisit: It was awful when I saw you for your birthday in August. You were sodistant that I missed you as I was holding you in my arms. TEXT 6In the hallway by the study, the President and Ms. Lewinsky kissed. On thisoccasion, according to Ms. Lewinsky, he focused on me pretty exclusively,kissing her bare breasts and fondling her genitals. At one point, thePresident inserted a cigar into Ms. Lewinskys vagina, then put the cigar inhis mouth and said: It tastes good. After they were finished, Ms. Lewinskyleft the Oval Office and walked through the Rose Garden. .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 , .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 .postImageUrl , .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 , .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299:hover , .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299:visited , .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299:active { border:0!important; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299:active , .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299 .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u904df9e3cc78b9d5f1d4b665f3d57299:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mozart Argumentative EssayGovernmental Issues

Biography Of John Grisham Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Biography Of John Grisham Essay, Research Paper John Grisham became a universe celebrated author with his book The Firm. Although he neer wanted to be a author, he has now written over nine books, many of them best- Sellerss ( Arnold 29 ) . Analyzing his authorship will demo why John Grisham discontinue his old occupation as a attorney. I will get down by stating about his childhood, instruction, household, so on to his calling. John Grisham led a largely normal childhood. Grisham was born in 1955 in Jonesboro, Arkansas ( Current 221 ) . The boy of a building worker and a housewife, Grisham and his household moved around the deep South harmonizing to where his male parent # 8217 ; s work was ( Ferranti 43 ) . In 1967 the Grisham household moved to a lasting abode in Southaven, Mississippi, a suburb of Memphis, Tennessee ( Current 221 ) . John Grisham said, # 8220 ; We didn # 8217 ; Ts have a batch of money, but we didn # 8217 ; t cognize it, we were fed and loved and scrubbed # 8221 ; ( Hubbard 44 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Biography Of John Grisham Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Along with being a celebrated author, Grisham is besides a devout Christian. While his male parent normally had to work seven yearss a hebdomad, Grisham # 8217 ; s female parent ever had Grisham and his four siblings in church every Sunday. Grisham said, # 8220 ; My female parent led me to Jesus. # 8221 ; He was eight-years-old when he confirmed his religion in God and says # 8220 ; It was the most of import event in my life # 8221 ; ( Norton 16 ) . John Grisham an first-class instruction, traveling to some really good schools. He went to high school in Southaven, Mississippi. He was non the best pupil, but Grisham found his passion in high school athleticss, particularly baseball ( Hubbard 44 ) . After high school Grisham found himself in the state of affairs of taking where he wanted to travel to college and what to major in. He chose to go to Mississippi State University and found he wanted to go a revenue enhancement attorney. After gaining his B.S. grade in accounting, Grisham enrolled at the University Law School. After his first category in revenue enhancement jurisprudence, Grisham transferred out and into condemnable defence jurisprudence. In 1981 he graduated from jurisprudence school with a J.D. grade ( Current 221 ) . John Grisham wasted no clip traveling right into his new concern of a attorney. After completing college Grisham set up a private pattern in Southaven ( Ferranti 42 ) . Almost every bit shortly as he opened his pattern, Grisham disliked his chosen field. After accepting, and winning, his first instance he decided to exchange to civil jurisprudence. Yet Grisham found the field of civil jurisprudence merely every bit bad as condemnable jurisprudence and tried to run for Mississippi province legislative assembly ( Current 222 ) . In 1983 John Grisham was elected to the State Senate, but once more found himself in a field he disliked. Shortly before his 2nd term, Grisham resigned his place and decided to seek something he neer had dreamed about, composing ( Hubbard 44 ) . Meanwhile during all this Grisham was still a attorney. Grisham # 8217 ; s inspiration for composing hit him one twenty-four hours when he neer expected it. One twenty-four hours at the De Soto County courthouse, Grisham listened to the testimony of a 12- year-old colza victim. Grisham wondered what it would be like if the girl’s male parent had killed the raper and was so put on test himself ( Hubbard 43 ) . Grisham quit the ownership of being a attorney in 1990. This was the inspiration to Grisham’s first book. A Time to Kill gathered 28 rejections before it was accepted and published by Wynwood Press. His following book, the book Grisham is most celebrated for, The Firm besides racked up the rejections from publishing houses. When the transcript of The Firm landed in Hollywood, everyone wanted it ; 18 publishing houses begged Grisham to allow them print it ( Hubbard 44 ) . Grisham went on to compose nine more novels in his nine old ages of being a author, with five of them going films. Forbes magazine ranked John Grisham as one of the wealthiest entertainers in the universe. In 1996 entirely he earned $ 43 million. A Grisham novel will normally hold a entire sell of good over two million in hardback with an extra thre e or four million in paper-back book ( Arnold 29 ) . John Grisham leads a quite life due to the fact that he is normally composing. But in 1996 Grisham decided to action Oliver Stone, the manager of the film Natural Born Killers. Grisham was actioning because in March 1995 William Savage, a friend of Grisham # 8217 ; s was shot at the cotton gin where he worked in Mississippi. The following twenty-four hours a convenience shop clerk Patsy Byers was shot and paralyzed. Ben Darras, 18, and Sarah Edmondson, 19, were accused of the offenses. Edmondson told governments she and Darras took LSD and watched Natural Born Killers before perpetrating the offenses. This enraged Grisham who decided to action, but Stone called all the charges against him, # 8220 ; Ridiculously bizarre # 8221 ; ( Gleick 90 ) . John Grisham # 8217 ; s thought of the good life is sipping tea on the gallery with Renee, his married woman of 18 old ages. He besides loves watching his two kids, boy, Ty, age 14, and girl, Shea, age 12. The Grisham household lives in a 204-year-old house on 100 estates outside of Charlottesville, Virginia. The evidences include tennis tribunals, swimming pool, croquet tribunals, Equus caballus stallss, a full-time house keeper and maintaince adult male, and a private jet. Grisham swears, # 8220 ; We still think of ourselves as normal people # 8221 ; and defines normal as training his child # 8217 ; s Little League squads, learning Sunday School, traveling on mission trips with members of his Southaven Baptist Church, donating to good causes, and, of class, composing one novel each twelvemonth ( Ferranti 82 ) . John Grisham was co-writing the screenplay for The Rainmaker with manager Francis Ford Coppola, and sold the film rights to The Runaway Jury for a record eight million ( Ferranti 42 ) . On February 4, 1998, Grisham # 8217 ; s book The Street Lawyer was introduced to the public The latest of his nine novels has two and a half million transcripts in bookshops in the U.S. and Canada right now ( Arnold 29 ) . In fact he has came out with another novel which was released in February of 1999 called The Testament.

Istoria scrisului si a tiparului Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Istoria scrisului si a tiparului Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Istoria scrisului si a tiparului Scrierea, cifrele, suportul pentru scriere i uneltele de scris toate produse ale minii omeneti continu s ocupe un loc important n toate domeniile de activitate i n toate manifestrile culturale i tiinifice. De-a lungul istoriei, popoarele au inventat diferite semne cu ajutorul crora notau fapte, ntmplri, idei. Obiecte simbolice, cum sunt o pasre, un oarece, o sgeat i o broasc, menionate de Herodot,alctuiau mesajul sciilor ctre Darius, regele perilor, cnd a pornit expediia mpotriva lor. i astzi sunt cunoscute semne simbolice, ca porumbelul alb a lui Picasso flamura alb ridicat pe front i altele. Semnele mnemonice, de asemenea sisteme primitive de scriere, care au fost ntlnite n multe pri ale lumii, sunt prezentate de nodurile de sfoar, rboj etc. Pictografia i ideografia au permis oamenilor s dea unui desen o valoare aproximativ fonetic, ajungnd la un pas de alfabet. Ideografia n zilele noastre este reprezentat de semnele de circulaie, semnele de aritmetic, chimie, astronomie etc. Scrierea hieroglif egiptean a fost descifrat abia n anul 1822 de ctre Champollion. Acest scriere era constituit dintr-un complex de semne format din psri, animale , flori, peti etc., ce erau aternute pe papirus de scribi aflai n poziie eznd, cu picioarele ncruciate i cu tblia sprijinit pe genunchi. Scrierea hieratic egiptean se realiza de la dreapta spre stnga. Scrierea cuneiform, folosit prin anul 3100 .d.Hr. prin locurile n care astzi este Kuweitul, era constituit din semne de forma unor cuie i se practica de obicei stnd n picioare, cu tblia n mna stng. Instrumentul de scriere era o bucat de trestie sau un lemn rotund ascuit, iar scrierea se citea de la stnga la dreapta. Vechea scriere chinez este o scriere ideografic ce s-a pstrat pn n zilele noastre. Direcia de scriere pe acelai rnd era de sus n jos, iar rndurile se succedau de la dreapta la stnga. Sensul unui cuvnt n limba vorbit se schim dup poziia sa n cuprinsul frazei, dup gestul care-l nsoete i dup nlimea muzical a tonului. Dicionarul realizat prin secolul XV-XVI d.Hr. coninea 44440 de ideograme. Treptat numrul lor a fost redus, iar n prezent se scrie pe orizontal, concomitent cu popularizarea noului alfabet cu litere latine. Scrieri ideografice mai sunt i cele folosite n Insula Petelui, scrierea Maya etc. Scrierea silabic a devenit posibil cnd nivelul cultural a fost mai ridicat i spiritul de observaie mai accentuat. Astfel s-a ajuns s se neleag c un cuvnt este format din sunete ce se pronun printr-o singur deschidere a buzelor, deci n silabe. Desigur, astfel se reduce numrul semnelor i scrierea devine accesibil unui cerc mai larg de oameni.n aceast categorie intr scrierile japonez, cipriot .a. Alfabetul este urmarea fireasc a unei ndelungate evoluii, cel fenician avnd meritul de a fi dat natere tuturor scrierilor alfabetice n general. Scrierea cursiv fenician, care a aprut pe la nceputul anului 500 .d.Hr., se realiza cu ajutorul a 22 de semne pe tblie de calcar, ulcioare sau papirus, de la dreapta la stnga pe orizontal. Datorit legturilor comerciale ale fenicienilor, alfabetul s-a raspndit din apus pn n rsritul ndeprtat, aprnd alte tipuri de scrieri, cu diferenieri pronunate fa de cea fenician, aa cum le cunoatem i astzi: scrierile siriene, alfabetul ebraic, scrierea brahmi, alfabetul arab etc. Alfabetul consonantic i vocalic grecesc dovedete cert originea sa fenician prin ordinea literelor, formelor apropiate i semne deosebite pentru vocale. Construcia literelor greceti a evoluat continuu, pentru ca n secolul V .d.Hr. s fie adoptat un alfabet complet. n secolul al IV- lea .d.Hr. apare forma cursiv, cu trasare mai rapid, apar legturile ntre litere i scrierea livreasc, ce d natere literelor minuscule aproape de forma actual. Acelai secol aduce semnul de sfrit de propoziie, care era format din dou puncte, iar ca semn de ntrebare punctul i virgula. Alfabetul latin a aprut ca o variant a celui grecesc. Introdus prin intermediul etruscilor, alfabetul latin s-a impus destul de repede, adaptarea fiind uoar, limba latin avnd mai puine consoane dect greaca. Din alfabetele grecei arhaice au fost preluate sunete, unele au fost modificate, altele reaezate. n locul vechilor denumiri, latinii au desemnat literele dup sunetul lor. Ca i grecii, vechii romani foloseau foloseau n scrierea monumental numai litere capitale, din care au derivat literele mari de tipar. Minusculele au aprut abia n secolul al V-lea d.Hr., dezvoltndu-se diferit

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Topic 7-1 - Essay Example Individuals are given an exercise in which they complete self-assessment forms and provide information on skills, competencies, attitudes, and interests. Career planning workshops form the next component of career development programs. These allow individual to share their self-assessment results with supervisors and colleagues hence get feedback from others and evaluate if their own plans are realistic. Individual counselling is the other crucial component. This element of the programs help individual employees in understanding their personal objectives, making changes where necessary and working to improve important skills and competencies. A very important component in career development programs involves organisational assessment programs. These are important in evaluating the potential of employees to grow in the organisation. Developmental programs on the other hand help organisations in developing their employees to hold future positions that may arise within. Job rotation, organisational trainings, seminars, mentorship and tuition refunds are some of the techniques used in developmental

Should Gay Marriage Be Legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Should Gay Marriage Be Legal - Essay Example Having a different sexual orientation does not make homosexuals outcasts and they have every right to exercise their freedom even if the freedom means marrying the same gender. Gay marriages do not pose any sort of threat to the states or the society so it is not at all correct to assume it as a social vice. The issue should be looked at with an open mind and in a broader perspective. Gays would not change their sexual orientation if the gay marriages are not legalized. However legalization would allow them to enjoy the same rights as the others without the fear of humiliation or disgrace from the general public. They would enjoy the same respect and recognition from the community which is gained by the straight couples. Previously the laws defined in a country were according to the religion that was being followed there with little regard for the minorities. However we now live in an era where laws are constituted keeping in mind the public interest and sanctity of their rights. Therefore if the states are advocates of freedom then this freedom should also be extended towards gays since they are equal members of the society. The opinion of the states should be taken into account but it should only be under the discretion of the government whether to allow or disallow legalization of gay marriages because leaving it onto the states would only promote discord and disunity. Not granting equal rights to the gay community is another example of discrimination that has tainted the human history for so many years. The argument that is proposed by its opponents is of immorality and that the gay couples can live together privately without marrying but this attitude only tends to force them into social isolation. It also forces the gay couple to explain their relationship continuously to the general public which makes them feel embarrassed, stopping them from active social

The Use Of Sewage Sludge As A Fertilizer Environmental Sciences Essay

The Use Of Sewage Sludge As A Fertilizer Environmental Sciences Essay Fertilizers necessary for the maintenance and increase of soil productivity are classified into two categories: 1) organic fertilizers consisted of crop residues, sludge and manure, and 2) inorganic fertilizers which are synthetic fertilizers consisted of 3 key elements: nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (Merrington, 2002). Organic Fertilizers Sludge Sewage sludge also known as bio-solid is the remainder product of domestic or urban waste water cleaning at waste water treatment plants. It has high levels of organic content as well as plant nutrients. Although it would make a good fertilizer, the pollutant capability of sewage sludge is high as it is also composed of industrial waste (Merrington, 2002). The process where sewage sludge or materials obtained from it are sprayed, injected or spread on land is defined as land application. It is applied on or below agricultural land surface, forests and lawns because it is high in nutrient content and can enhance soil quality (EPA, 1994). In addition, it serves as a fertilizer supplying the necessary nutrients for crops and other vegetation. Sewage is applied in bulk meaning in large amounts by commercial and municipal appliers for various purposes such as agriculture, golf courses and recovery of mining sites (EPA, 1994). In sites such as mining sites which are completely destroyed and barely have soil substrate for vegetation, nitrogen and organic material content need to be higher than normal level before the site is seeded. For the use of sewage sludge in home gardens or lawns, it is available in a bag or small container intended for small-scale use (EPA, 1994). In the use of sewage sludge, it is crucial to keep in mind the negative impacts it can have if not utilized properly. Nitrates which are easily soluble and have high potential for contamination make up majority of the sewage sludge components (EPA, 1994). As a result, great care is taken in its application and the applier as to fulfill requirements set by the government. Although sewage sludge is applied on land to enhance quality of soil, it is also used as a technique for disposing land (EPA, 1994). Sewage sludge is supplied by water companies for famers to use on their land. Although it contains toxic elements, it still has beneficial effects. According to a study done, farmers who use sewage sludge as fertiliser have a saving of 15 million pounds yearly as it contains high levels of nitrogen and phosphorous as well as necessary micronutrients. In addition, it enhances the structure as well as water retention capacity of soil through the organic matter it supplies (Stout, 1979). Usage of sewage sludge as a fertilizer is not a concept that is applied in many regions of the world. Although before application of sludge on land, it undergoes treatment such as anaerobic digestion to have low pathogen count it still contains potentially dangerous contaminants such as copper, cadmium, zinc, PAHs and PCBs. The amount of contaminants present in sewage sludge is dependent upon the source of the sludge (Merrington, 2002). Toxic metals forming a large component of sludge is a well known fact however, the level at which those metals become harmful is the point of debate (Renner, 2001). As a result, some countries are becoming more restricting or banning to protect the health of individuals. Research compiled indicates that individuals who live in areas within 1 km of land-application sites have been found to show irritation of the eyes, throat, skin and lungs preceding exposure to wind from fields that have had sludge applied. It was found that Staphylococcus aureus was the bacteria involved in the irritations observed on exposed individuals. Although sewage sludge may be low in pathogen count, it is crucial to take into consideration possible interaction of pathogen with chemical contaminants and as a result becoming unsafe for the health of individuals (Lewis, 2002). Manure Manure is composed of three key elements; nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These elements are a necessity for the growth of plants as well as the enhancement of soil quality through increasing organic matter and water-holding capacity. In addition, acidity is neutralized and compaction is reduced. Manure serves as a great substitute for synthetic fertilizers whose prices increased dramatically in the recent years (MacDonald, 2009). Land application of manure is possible either by grazing animals or transportation from manure storage facilities. Study found that nitrogenous commercial fertilizer doubled in prices in the 2000- 2007 timeframe and then increased again by 62% in between December 2007 and September 2008. Moreover, phosphate commercial fertilizer prices have increased by 115% in the 2000- 2007 timeframe followed by 177% increase between December 2007 and September 2008 (MacDonald, 2009). Although those high prices make manure more appealing, there are limitations that come along with the use of manure. Manure transportation is pricey even if it is not transported very far. (MacDonald, 2009) In addition, manure may not be composed of the exact combination of nutrients required for the growth of specific crops or fields. Moreover, waste that can be transmitted through runoff of nutrients, pathogens and organic matter from land to surface water pose great environmental as well as health risks. Leaching of nutrients and pathogens to ground water, volatile gases and odours contaminating the atmosphere are additional problems faced (MacDonald, 2009). According to the regulations, industrialized livestock production cannot concentrate manure on limited acres as that would exceed the acceptable limits. As a result, it becomes necessary to distribute manure into larger land which in turn requires better transportation as well as application techniques. Storage of manure before it is applied on land can result in problems such as flooding, manure odour and seepage (MacDonald, 2009). Inorganic Fertilizers Nitrogen Nitrogenous fertilizers are a result of combining atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen to yield final product ammonia. Ammonia is the base found in at least 90% of fertilizers. It is found in the U.S.A. 38% of the ammonia produced is used for fertilizers while the remaining is utilized for the production of Urea. Urea production has increased over the years with an 11% increase from 1967 to 1973 and has become reliable nitrogen source. Hydrogen required can be obtained from varied sources such as natural gas, fuel oil, coal, naphtha and hydrolized water (Stout, 1981). The following chemical equation represents formation of nitrogenous fertilizers 2N + 3H2 -> 2NH3 There is a continuous increase in the use of inorganic fertilizers despite the fact that they require large quantity of energy to produce. Table 11 below displays the use of oil and natural gas for nitrogen fertilizers worldwide. Developed countries utilized approximately four times as much oil and natural gas for nitrogen fertilizer in 1975 (Stout, 1981). Research has shown the greater use of fertilizers in the developed nations has increased yields per hectare. Phosphate Phosphate fertilizers are produced by the use of phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid or nitric acid to decompose phosphate rock. If nitric acid is used further treatment with ammonia is required for it to be utilized as a fertilizer. Although there is lots of phosphate rock available, there are environmental problems associated with mining of those rocks for the production of fertilizers. The sulphur necessary for carrying out the process is obtained from ore-deposit or a by-product of other process. Use of sulphuric acid is very efficient but has the downside of producing large amount of sulphate waste resulting in environmental problems. In addition, world reserve of ore is being depleted and obtaining sulphur from the by-products of other processes is very costly (Stout, 1981). Research shows there is a minimum of 90 * 10^8 metric tons of phosphate rock found in the world and because production in 1972 was only about 13* 10^6 metric tons, there is no concern that phosphate reserves will be diminishing for a while. However, there are environmental problems associated in the mining of phosphate rock such as temporary demolition of land and soil erosion (Stout, 1981). According to the table below it can be seen that phosphate recovery is relatively cheap in North America and Africa followed by Europe while obtaining phosphorous from region such as Oceania, South America and Asia is more costly. Potassium Potassium is the 7th most abundant element in the world and is widely dispersed throughout the world. It is found in soils, rivers, lakes and rocks. Studies have shown that 95% of potash required for production of potassium fertilizers is obtained from underground mines where deposits are 3, 000 feet below the surface in Saskatchewan and 2,500 feet below the surface (Production and Use of Potassium, 1998). There are potassium deposits that are isolated in few parts of the world. Canada, Germany and U.S.S.R. are the top three countries with the highest level of potassium resources. Consumption of potash has exceeded demand over the years (Production and Use of Potassium, 1998). However, research shows that will change in the future and Canada having high potash resources is willing to increase production to meet demand requirements (Stout, 1981). The following table depicts potash distribution in various regions of the world with Canada having the highest in mine production as well as reserve base. Comparisons Between Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Manure Versus Inorganic Fertilizers Organic and inorganic fertilizers both have their advantages and disadvantages. The following table compares the nutrient content of manure and inorganic fertilizer. It is observed that the level of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are significantly higher in fertilizer as opposed to manure. Animal and human excrements contain lower levels of the key 3 elements required for growth. The nutrient content of animal excrement is variable and is dependent upon factors such as type of species and the type of nutrient of feed (Stout, 1981). Sludge Versus Inorganic Fertilizer (Nitrogen Fertilizer) Many studies have been done to test the effect of sludges, synthetic fertilizers and manures on the final yield of crops. Given the same level of water and nutrients, the use of sludges, fertilizers or manure did not have any large impact on crop yield. However, in the long term, due to the presence of micronutrients in sludges, there is potential for damage if metals such as copper, nickel and zinc accumulate (Harrison, 2003). A study was performed to determine the amount of bio-solids necessary to replace nitrogen fertilizer. Different rates of sewage sludge and nitrogen fertilizer were applied in 6 different farms through discing a technique used to turn and loosen the soil in order to prevent the loss of ammonia nitrogen as much as possible. It is important to apply other nutrients to all areas to ensure nitrogen as the only limiting nutrient (Binder, 2009). The above graph shows that sites receiving more sludge (site four and six) had higher yields in comparison to sites that received nitrogen fertilizer. It can be observed that there was minute response to nitrogen fertilizers in all three sites. Results can be explained by the presence of nutrients found in sludge that are not present in nitrogen fertilizers (Binder, 2009). Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages of organic fertilizers Rapid decomposition of organic fertilizers makes nutrients highly available. Organic fertilizers are bulky and readily available. Energy is not directly needed in the manufacturing process and they are highly renewable. In addition, they also have little direct cost and provide a method to dispose waste. Although they dont have high amounts of the three key elements they have other minerals that are not found in synthetic fertilizers that contribute in increased water retention capability of soil, its structure and its resistance to erosion. (Morris, 2007) Disadvantage of organic fertilizers Organic fertilizers are not very high in nutrient and analysis of components is not very precise. Decomposition of organic material cannot be controlled as it is dependent on temperature and soil moisture. This results in the release of nutrients when they are not needed. It is very difficult to meet necessary nutrient levels for crop growth solely through the use of organic fertilizers. Waste from humans and animals consist of disease causing microorganisms and therefore need to be disposed of safely (Morris, 2007). Advantage of inorganic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers on the other hand are very high in nutrient concentration and transportation of handling is fairly easy. In addition, it is analysis of content is very precise and can utilize waste from other manufacturing process (Morris, 2007). Disadvantage of inorganic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers have increasing cost and are produced from finite resources. It requires large use of energy for manufacturing. Unlike organic fertilizers, availability is dependent on production, cost and region. Moreover, inorganic fertilizers create waste in processing. Although both organic and inorganic fertilizers contribute to water pollution, the manufacturing process of inorganic fertilizers alone results in water pollution. Nitrates pose a big threat due to the increased algae growth in lakes and water supplies. Phosphate fertilizers also have fluorides and sulphur oxides as a by-product (Morris, 2007). Blue-baby syndrome resulting in babies having pale/blue skin as well as lethargic eyes is caused by nitrates found in organic fertilizers contaminating drinking water. Other reproduction problems are also caused as a result of inorganic fertilizers (Morris, 2007). Nitrates from inorganic fertilizers pose a big threat due to the increased algae growth in lakes and water supplies. Algal Blooms result in formation of increased biomass, decreased sunlight to plants found in water, decreased oxygen levels and disruption of food webs. As a result, it is an issue requires great care (Morris, 2007). Regulations and Safety Although animal manure serves as a great fertiliser and soil amendment it has risks associated with it as it can exceed limits resulting in severe environmental problems. To deal with these problems government has ensured to have regulation and conservation programs. In some states there have been lawsuits initiated against livestock operations as a result of damaging water resources from manure (MacDonald, 2009). To meet the requirements of those regulations the livestock operations have to deal with increased costs and as a result it is predicted there will be changes made to manure use. Prices are dependent on the excess manure that needs to be disposed. In addition, if farmers are not willing to take in manure for use in their cropland livestock producers must transport the excess manure farther to use for their crop (MacDonald, 2009). It is absolutely necessary to ensure that sewage sludge applied does not cause any harm to the environment or humans. To ensure safety, requirements that must be met before application have been prepared although they differ from region to region. The following table presents the requirements set by Maryland Department of Environment for application of sewage sludge (OMalley, 2009). In addition, acceptable maximum concentrations of contaminants found in sludge to be applied in land have also been set by the NYSDEC. Cumulative limits represent the maximum level of chemical that can be applied in land repeatedly and over time. The following table displays acceptable limits for various types of contaminants (Harrison, 2003). Restrictions set by NYSDEC for applying Class B sludges makes certain that appliers obtain permits specifically for the sites they want to utilize which also includes acceptable limits of contaminants. Nitrogen levels should also not exceed limits. A mandatory waiting period of 14 months in the case of above ground crops and 38 months in the case of below ground crops have been set by NYSDEC. It is recommended that appliers check with their local regulations as it may vary from region to region (Harrison, 2003). Conclusion In this section we have talked about how organic fertilizers are compared to inorganic fertilizers, including the advantages and disadvantages of each. Sewage sludge is categorized as an organic fertilizer. It is a good fertilizer because of the amount of nutrients it contains. However, regulations are made to ensure that its application is safe to us, animals, and the environment because sewage sludge also contains many dangerous contaminants. In Conclusion The purpose of this report is to provide information about the compositions, the treatments, and the applications of sewage sludge. Sewage sludge comes from wastewater filtration and is often perceived as environmental waste that needs to be eliminated. However, sewage sludge can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture because of the nutrients it contains. The only downside is that sewage sludge also contains many toxic and dangerous substances that must be limited or removed before it can be safely used. Many treatments were developed to limit these toxins and pathogens. Government also made regulations on the applications of sewage sludge to protect the environment. Overall, sewage sludge plays a role in our life and environment. Understanding the importance of sewage sludge makes us appreciate its existence as more than just a mere waste.